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开始学习
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Communication with others must take culture into consideration. Norms of Politeness vary from culture to culture
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Ways to indicate Politeness 开始学习
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all languages have devices to indicate Politeness and formality linguistics markers of status, deference, humility, postures, facial expressions, gestures etc
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开始学习
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Face, status, rank, role, power, age, sex, social distance, intimacy, kinship, group membership
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开始学习
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the public self-image that every member wants to claim for him /herself Negative face- the claim to freedom of action and freedom from imposition. Positive face- the self-image of the conversation partners.
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Parameters of politeness 开始学习
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a collection of rights and duties. hierarchy and position in a system of roles General rule: the higher the status, the more politeness from the lower status participant
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Parameters of politeness 开始学习
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a hierarchical organization with reference to a social institution one's rank often serves as the terms of adress
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Parameters of politeness 开始学习
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refers to less institutionalized position one assumes in some interaction host/ guest, captain/team, etc
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开始学习
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the ability to impose one's will on others Sometimes high status and high power don't coincide
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开始学习
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The relatives ages of the speaker and the hearer determine how politeness is expressed In many countries, a younger person cannot address an older person by his/her name
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Parameters of politeness 开始学习
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sex or gender diffrences exist in all cultures with respect to polite language in general women's speech is supposed to be more polite. In many cultures, men's speech is constrained in the presence of women
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开始学习
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Social distance is a factor affecting politeness. Social distance is linked to intimacy. The more intimate the participants are, the less social distance is between them. The more intimate, the less polite they are to each other.
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开始学习
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Of participants - significant others, Of setting - boss/ employee
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开始学习
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The relationship between participants determines what linguistic features are used.
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Parameters of politeness 开始学习
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In some societies, group membership is important in determine what politeness strategies are used. Japan: certain honorifics used without - group members only; others for in -group
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