zajecia 7

a set of 206 fused and individual bones of the body

skeleton

contractile tissue that produces force and sets the attached bones in motion

muscle

a type of rigid and dense connective tissue that constitutes the endoskeleton of human body

bone

a felxible connective tissue found in the joints between bones, the ribcage, the ear not as hard as rigid as bone but stiffer and less fexible than muscle

cartilage

structures that support and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells minerals and come in various shapes and structures

bones

a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone

tendon

a string of fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones

ligament

the location at where two or more bones make contact, articulate, that allows movement and provides support; might be either movable or immovable

joint

a group of tissues in the body that maintains the form of the body and its organs and provides organization an internal support

connective tissue

a connective tissue that surrounds muscles, group of muscles, blood vessels, and nerves, binding those structures together

fascia

an immovable joint found in the skull

suture

a movable joint

articulation

a structure that consists of 80 bones along the central axis of the human body; it is composed of the human skull, the rib cage, sternum and the vertebral column

axial skeleton

a structure that is composed of 126 bones, which is joined to yet another type of skeleton; functionally it is involved in locomotion and manipulation of objects in the environment

appendicular skeleton

soft fexible tissue found in the interior of bones that produces new blood cells

marrow

an encircling or ring like structure that attaches either the upper (pectoral) or the lower(pelvic) limbs to the axial skeleton

girdle

a bony and cartilaginous structure which surrounds the thoracic cavity and supports the pectoral girdle, forming a core portion of the human skeleton

ribcage

sztywne

rigid

geste

dense

sztywniejsze

stiffer

twarde

tough

tkanka łaczna

connective tissue

podstawowe czesci

core portion

pas piersiowy

pectoral girdle

four atypical ribs that are attached to the vertebrae only, and not to the sternum

floating ribs

the cells of this type of bone appear to be tightly packed togheter into a solid mass are found on the outside of bones; they make up hard outer layer that gives bones their smooth white appearance

compact bone

the type of bone taht has large open spaces an fills the interior of bones

spongy bone

wypełniać

fill out

a part is above another part, or closer to the head

superior

a part is below another part or closer to the feet

inferior

part is towards the back

posterior/dorsal

a oart is towards the front(surface) of the body

anterior/ventral

front or towards the fornt of the body

anterior

back or towards the back

posterior

a part is closer to the point of attachment, or closer to the trunk of the body rhan another part

proximal

a part is further away from the point of attachment than another part

distal

a part is towards or nearer the midline of the body

medial

a part is towards or nearer, the side, away from the midline of the body

lateral

a part is located on or nearer the surface

superficial

a part is away from the surface

deep

outer

external

inner

internal

refers tointernal organs or the covernig the organs

visceral

refers to the wall of a body cavity

parietal

lying on the stomach, face down

prone

lying on the back, face up

supine

obejmować

encompass

rdzeń czegoś

core

with two or more horses harnessed one behind another/having two things arranged one in front of the other

in tandem

1) Gives the body form and structures,

the musculoskeletal

2) protects the internal organs

the musculoskeletal

3) Provides movement

the musculoskeletal

4) Determines body height and mass

the musculoskeletal

5) The foundation for facial features (rysy twarzy), hand charakteristics (te linie na dłoniach) and athletic ability.

the musculoskeletal

6) The bones form the core of the structural body

the musculoskeletal

7) The muscles bulid the body’s outward apperance

the musculoskeletal

8) The bones an the muscles carry the body through life

the musculoskeletal

The axial skeleton forms the body’s central aligment; its bones are primarily those of suport and shelter.

Szkielet osiowy tworzy centralne wyrównanie ciała; to kości są przede wszystkim wsparciem i schronieniem.

The bones give the body shape, protection and mobility

The bones give the body shape, protection and mobility

1) Bones provide the structure that gives the body resistance against gravity and makes movement possible

1) Bones provide the structure that gives the body resistance against gravity and makes movement possible

1) Long bones function as levers for the skeletal muscles to generate movement and locomotion

13) Długie kości działają jak dźwignie dla mięśni szkieletowych, które generują ruch i lokomocję

14) 14) The compact construction of short bones supports functions that require greater strength and less leverage

14) Zwarta budowa krótkich kości wspiera funkcje, które wymagają większej siły i mniejszego dźwigni

1) Flat bones provide Surface area for firmly anchoring the large skeletal muscles that make movement possible.

15) Płaskie kości zapewniają powierzchnię dla mocnego zakotwiczenia dużych mięśni szkieletowych, które umożliwiają ruch.

some bones function as armor protecting vital structures and organs

some bones function as armor protecting vital structures and organs

the smooth thick bones of the skull completely encase the brain in a chamber that has few natural points of entry

gładkie grube kości czaszki całkowicie zamykają mózg w komorze, która ma kilka naturalnych punktów wejścia

vertebrae separated by cushions of cartilage enclose the spinal cord, their irregular shapes deflecting access while at the same permitting flexibility

kręgi oddzielone poduszkami chrząstki otaczają rdzeń kręgowy, ich nieregularne kształty odchylają dostęp, a jednocześnie pozwalają na elastyczność

the ribs form a cage that contains the heart and lungs, providing a framework for the bellows-like action of the lungs with the thick sternum like a shield to shelter the heart

żebra tworzą klatkę, która zawiera serce i płuca, tworząc ramę dla podobnego do miechowego działania płuc z grubym mostkiem, jak tarcza do schronienia serca

the skeletal muscles cover and protect the bones, attaching directly to them

the skeletal muscles cover and protect the bones, attaching directly to them

muscles support and protect other structures such as blood vessels and nerves

muscles support and protect other structures such as blood vessels and nerves

most skeletal muscles work in opposing pairs, with one muscle group contracting and the other relaxing in synchronization to permit the balanced, coordinated and smooth movements necessary for mobility form sitting to running

większość mięśni szkieletowych pracuje w przeciwstawnych parach, z jednym kurczeniem się grupy mięśniowej, a druga z relaksującą synchronizacją, aby umożliwić zrównoważone, skoordynowane i płynne ruchy niezbędne dla formy mobilności siedzącej do biegania

specialized structures of connective tissue join the bones and the muscles

specialized structures of connective tissue join the bones and the muscles

tendons, fibrous bands that arise from muscle, join muscle to bone

ścięgna, włókniste opaski, które powstają z mięśni, łączą mięśnie z kością

ligaments are tough and sinewy, they connect bones to each other

więzadła są mocne i ścięgniste, łączą ze sobą kości

sheet-like fascia covers the muscles, connecting muscle to muscle and muscle to skin

przypominająca arkusz powięź pokrywa mięśnie, łącząc mięśnie, mięśnie i mięśnie ze skórą