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to reduce the rate, level, or amount of something Nuestra principal responsabilidad es reducir la tasa de desempleo. 开始学习
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bring down (the cost/number/rate of ...) Our main responsibility is to bring down the rate of unemployment.
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to change your opinion or decision because someone has persuaded you to agree with them Estábamos seguros de que ella acabaría aceptando nuestra forma de pensar. 开始学习
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come round to (a way of thinking / the idea) We were sure she’d come round to our way of thinking in the end.
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to think of something such as an idea or a plan ¿Es esta la mejor solución que se te ocurre? 开始学习
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come up with (a solution/strategy) Is this the best solution you can come up with?
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to use something that you have gradually gained or saved Como actor, a menudo recurres a tu propia experiencia de vida. 开始学习
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draw on (your experience/observations) As an actor, you often draw on your own life experience.
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to turn the pages of a book, magazine, newspaper, etc. very quickly looking at some of the pages for a very short time Recientemente hojeé un libro sobre descubrimientos científicos. 开始学习
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flick through (something) Recently, I was flicking through the pages of a book on scientific discoveries.
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to stop something from progressing or developing as it should La escasez de agua a largo plazo puede frenar el progreso económico. 开始学习
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Long-term water shortages can hold back economic progress.
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to not have much hope that something will happen Él tenía pocas esperanzas de que su idea fuera aceptada. 开始学习
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He held out little hope that his idea would ever be accepted.
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to get a particular result or reaction La nueva propuesta se encontró con una fuerte oposición por parte de los estudiantes. 开始学习
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meet with (criticism/opposition/resistance) The new proposal met with strong opposition from students.
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to invest a lot of money in something in order to improve it or make it successful El año pasado el gobierno invirtió más de 80 millones de libras en la reparación de carreteras. 开始学习
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plough (money) into (something) Last year the government ploughed more than £80 million into road repairs.
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to offer an idea, opinion, reason etc, especially so that people can discuss it and make a decision Rechazó todas las propuestas presentadas por el comité. 开始学习
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put forward (an explanation / an idea / a proposal) He rejected all the proposals put forward by the committee.
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if you _____ problems, difficulties etc, you have to deal with them Nos topamos con algunos problemas al comienzo del proyecto. 开始学习
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run up against (a difficulty/problem) We ran up against a few problems at the start of the project.
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to find something by accident Me topé con un artículo muy interesante sobre natación en aguas abiertas. 开始学习
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stumble across (something) I stumbled across a really interesting article about wild swimming yesterday.
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if someone in authority throws out a plan, proposal etc, they refuse to accept it El juez desestimó su reclamación. 开始学习
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throw out (charges / claims / a suggestion) The judge threw out their claim.
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confused and not knowing what to do Estaba desconcertado sin saber qué había pasado. 开始学习
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I was at a loss to understand what had happened.
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used for showing that something is not very good by emphasising that your description of it is the best thing you can say about it La respuesta del gobierno ha sido como mucho confusa y en el peor de los casos deshonesta. 开始学习
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The government’s response seems to have been at best confused and at worst dishonest.
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if things are _____ each other, they are different or opposite when they should be the same ¿Qué aspectos de nuestro estilo de vida están en desacuerdo con lograr un futuro sostenible? 开始学习
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What parts of our lifestyle are fundamentally at odds with achieving a sustainable future?
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used about important issues that are involved in a situation or could be decided by it Pocos votantes tenían idea de los asuntos en juego. 开始学习
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Few voters had any idea of the issues at stake.
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if one thing exists or happens at the expense of another, the second thing suffers or is not done properly because of the first Patrick estaba logrando grandes cosas en el trabajo, pero a costa de su salud. 开始学习
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at the expense of (something) Patrick was doing great things in the job, but at the expense of his health.
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in a leading or important position in something Estos problemas medioambientales están actualmente en el centro del debate público. 开始学习
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at the forefront of (something) These environmental issues are currently at the forefront of public debate.
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to be watching carefully in order to find, obtain, or avoid something or someone La policía de Brighton está buscando a una banda de ladrones de coches. 开始学习
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be on the lookout for (something/someone) Police in Brighton are on the lookout for a gang of car thieves.
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if someone does something __ _ ___ ___ they do it a lot, or they think it is important Los entrenadores deportivos dependen en gran medida del análisis de vídeo. 开始学习
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Sports coaches have come to depend on video analysis in a big way.
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Lo más probable es que el jarrón fuera hecho en el siglo XVII. 开始学习
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In all likelihood the vase was made in the seventeenth century.
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feeling great respect and admiration for someone or something Jeff siempre ha sentido una profunda admiración por su padre. 开始学习
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in awe of (someone/something) Jeff has always been totally in awe of his father.
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if a law or rule is __ _____ it is being applied and people must obey it La prohibición de exportar petróleo sigue en vigor. 开始学习
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The ban on oil exports remains in force.
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likely to be damaged or destroyed La crisis puso en peligro miles de empleos. 开始学习
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The crisis put thousands of jobs in jeopardy.
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rude and not at all appropriate Su broma sobre el divorcio de ella fue de muy mal gusto. 开始学习
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His joke about her divorce was in very poor taste.
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considering something that happened in the past, using knowledge or information that you did not have at that time En retrospectiva, nunca deberíamos haber permitido que eso ocurriera. 开始学习
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In retrospect, we should never have allowed that to happen.
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of the same quality as or at the same level as Los beneficios deberían estar a la par con los del año pasado. 开始学习
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on a par with (something/someone) Profits should be on a par with last year.
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in a place that is able to be seen by many people Su obra está expuesta en la galería. 开始学习
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Her work is on display at the gallery.
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nervous and unable to relax because you are worried Los acontecimientos de los últimos días la habían dejado nerviosa y tensa. 开始学习
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The events of the past few days had left her feeling tense and on edge.
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Máquinas tan potentes como esta aún no están disponibles en el mercado. 开始学习
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Machines as powerful as this are not yet on the market.
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at that exact moment or place Cualquier trabajador que infrinja estas normas será despedido en el acto. 开始学习
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Any workers found breaking these rules will be sacked on the spot.
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strongly criticized or damaged Ambos candidatos han sido duramente criticados por sus propuestas de salud. 开始学习
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Both candidates have come under attack for their health-care proposals.
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having formally promised to tell the truth in a court of law Mentir bajo juramento es un delito extremadamente grave. 开始学习
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Lying under oath is an extremely serious offence.
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La industria de las dietas será examinada detenidamente en el programa de esta noche. 开始学习
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The diet industry comes under scrutiny in tonight’s programme.
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if a place is _______, it is surrounded by soldiers in order to attack those defending it La ciudad llevaba semanas sitiada y escaseaban los alimentos. 开始学习
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The town had been under siege for weeks and food was in short supply.
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likely to be harmed or damaged Una antigua costumbre religiosa está bajo amenaza. 开始学习
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An ancient religious custom is under threat.
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Lee decidió mantener sus planes en secreto por un tiempo. 开始学习
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Lee decided to keep her plans under wraps for a while.
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an attempt or guess that is not likely to be successful but that is worth trying Es poco probable, pero se lo preguntaré. 开始学习
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It’s a long shot, but I’ll ask her.
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at the most modern and advanced point in the development of something Estos modelos están a la vanguardia del diseño informático. 开始学习
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These models are at the leading edge of computer design.
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a situation in which no further progress is possible ¿De verdad han llegado las negociaciones comerciales a un callejón sin salida? 开始学习
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Have the trade negotiations really come to a dead end?
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from the beginning again, not using all the work that you have done before Tendremos que rehacer todo desde cero. 开始学习
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We’ll have to do the whole thing again from scratch.
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to do something for a long time without achieving any results because you always return to the same problem that you cannot solve Hablamos durante horas, pero no hacíamos más que dar vueltas sin avanzar. 开始学习
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We talked for hours, but we were just going round in circles.
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being planned or prepared in order to happen or be available soon ¿Tienes algún proyecto nuevo en preparación? 开始学习
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Have you got any new projects in the pipeline?
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doing or thinking the right things Las cifras muestran que vamos por buen camino. 开始学习
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The figures show we are on the right track.
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a difficulty that causes mistakes or prevents progress Un problema con un proveedor se ha convertido en un gran obstáculo. 开始学习
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A problem with a supplier has become a major stumbling block.
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minor problems that a new company, project, product etc may have in the beginning Hemos tenido algunos problemas iniciales, pero en general todo va bien. 开始学习
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We've been having a few teething problems, but generally things are going well.
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to find new ways of doing things, especially of solving problems Se anima a los empleados a pensar de forma innovadora y desarrollar soluciones creativas. 开始学习
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Employees are encouraged to think outside the box and develop creative solutions.
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GRAM: ¿Te quedarás en Bairro Alto mientras estés en Lisboa? (to ask if clear plans have been made)"Will", the present continuous and "going" to are used to talk about future plans and intentions. Depending on the context, there might be slight differences in meaning or emphasis. 开始学习
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will you stay in Bairro Alto while you're in Lisbon?
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GRAM: ¿Te alojas en Bairro Alto mientras estés en Lisboa? (emphasis on fixed arrangements) "Will", the present continuous and "going" to are used to talk about future plans and intentions. Depending on the context, there might be slight differences in meaning or emphasis. 开始学习
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Are you staying in Bairro Alto while you're in Lisbon
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GRAM: ¿Vas a quedarte en Bairro Alto mientras estés en Lisboa? (emphasis on intentions) "Will", the present continuous and "going" to are used to talk about future plans and intentions. Depending on the context, there might be slight differences in meaning or emphasis. 开始学习
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Are you going to stay in Bairro Alto while you're in Lisbon?
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GRAM: ¿Te alojarás en Bairro Alto mientras estés en Lisboa? The future continuous is used to emphasis that a plan or activitu is one of a repeated series of events or part of the normal course of events (as usual) 开始学习
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Will you be staying in Bairro alto while you're in Lisbon?
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GRAM: Podemos pedirle a la especialista que revise los routers mañana porque de todas formas estará arreglando el servidor The future continuous is used to talk about something in the future we perceibe as inevitable, ot to convey that it is going to happen "anyway" 开始学习
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We can ask the specialist to check the routers tomorrow because she'll be fixing the server anyway
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GRAM: ¿Saldrá usted esta noche? // (¿Vas a salir esta noche?) The future continuous is used to make polite enquiries about future plans, emphasising that we don't wish to be nosy or influence the decision of the listener. In constrast, going to sounds more direct. 开始学习
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Will you be going out this evening? (very polite) // (are you going to go out this evening? - pressing decision)
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GRAM: Habré gastado todo el presupuesto para el final de la semana The future perfect simple and continuous can be used to imagine looking back at something from a point in the future. The future perfect simple shows that the action will be completed by a point in the future 开始学习
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I'll have spent all the budget by the end of the week
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GRAM: este verano habré estado asesorando a jóvenes inventores durante veinticinco años. The future perfect continuous emphasis that it will be in progress up to a point in the future 开始学习
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This summer I'll have been mentoring young inventors for twenty-five years
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GRAM: El accidente ocurrió hace tanto tiempo, la mayoría de la gente lo habrá olvidado. The future perfect simple can be used to make assumption in the present 开始学习
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The acccident happened so long ago, most people will have forgotten about it.
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GRAM: "Necesitaremos muchas manos para terminar el prototipo, pero nuestro objetivo es (o estamos apuntando a) tenerlo listo este año Some verbs have future meaning in their present forms(e.g. agree, aim, expect, hope, intend, look, plan, promise, resolve). The present simple refers to a fact; the present continuous, to a process 开始学习
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We 'll need lots of hands to finish the prototype, but we aim (are aiming) to get it done this year
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GRAM: La ministra está a punto de dar una rueda de prensa Various expressions can be used to refer to the future "be+ about to" (to say something is close to happening) 开始学习
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The minister is about to give a press conference
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GRAM: El uso de dispositivos wearables para pagar en tiendas está al borde de la adopción masiva Various expressions can be used to refer to the future "be + on the point, verge, brink of" (an idiomatic way to say something is very close to happening) 开始学习
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Using wearable devices to pay in shops is on the brink of mass adoption
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GRAM: es probable que los smartphones de próxima generación de la compañía se lancen este otoño Various expressions can be used to refer to the future "be + likely, unlikely to" (to talk about probability) 开始学习
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The company's next generation smartphones are likely to be released this autumn
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GRAM: La próxima ronda de conversaciones se celebrará el lunes Various expressions can be used to refer to the future "be + due to" (to talk about something scheduled) 开始学习
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The next round of talks is due to held on Monday
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GRAM: Esta nueva interfaz de usuario está destinada a recibir críticas mixtas de los clientes Various expressions can be used to refer to the future "be + bound to" (to say emphatically that something is certain to happen) 开始学习
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This new user interface is bound to receive mixed reviews from customers
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GRAM: Se espera que el tan comentado gadget sea presentado en la conferencia de este año Various expressions can be used to refer to the future "be + expected to" (to say something is based on an expectation 开始学习
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The much talked-about gadget is expected to be unveiled at this year's conference
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GRAM: Los números de las encuestas dicen que ella ganará la reelección Various expressions can be used to refer to the future "be + set to" (to say something is based on a expectation) 开始学习
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Poll numbers say she is set to win re-election
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GRAM: La semifinal se transmitirá en vivo en todas las principales cadenas de televisión Various expressions can be used to refer to the future "be + infinitive" (to talk about future arragements in formal contexts) 开始学习
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The semi-final is to be broadcast live on all major television networks
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GRAM: La pequeña empresa de almacenamiento de datos anunció que será adquirida por una gran multinacional Various expressions can be used to refer to the future "be +to be+ past participle" (passive from of be+to+infinitive) 开始学习
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The small data storage company announced it is to be taken over by a large multinational
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GRAM: Estaba planeando ir a la reunión de Bella, pero en el último minuto cambié de opinión The future in the past can be used to talk about past plans, especially those taht didn't actually happen 开始学习
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I was planning to go to Bella's get-together, but at the last minute I had a change of heart
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GRAM: No había aceptado la invitación porque Rick y yo íbamos a volar de vacaciones ese mismo fin de semana The future in the past can be used to talk about past plans, especially those taht didn't actually happen 开始学习
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I hand't accepted the invitation because Rick and I were set fly off on out holiday that very weekend
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GRAM: Decidió saltarse el almuerzo. Habría mucho tiempo para comer más tarde NB would is rarely used as a future-in-the-past form. Its use is mainly restricted to reported speech and literary narratives 开始学习
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He decided to skip lunch. There would be plenty of time to eat later
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Destaca la difícil situación de los animales en peligro de extinción 开始学习
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It highlights the plight with the endangered
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Hacerlo incomible/intragable 开始学习
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Queda mucho por hacer en esta casa 开始学习
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There is a great deal of work to be done on this house
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En la rueda de prensa, los periodistas lo pondrían en apuros 开始学习
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He would be given a hard time by journalists during the press conference
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Nadie entendía por qué James no podía mantener un empleo 开始学习
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Nobody understood why James couldn't hold down a job
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Nico no tiene ninguna posibilidad de ganar a su oponente 开始学习
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Nico doesn't stand a chance of beating his opponent
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Como Julia se sentía indispuesta, su jefa le aconsejó que no viniera a trabajar 开始学习
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Because Julia was feeling under the weather, her manager advised her not to come to work
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Cuando llegamos, nos dimos cuenta de que no se parecía en nada a las fotos que habíamos visto en el folleto 开始学习
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When we arrived, we noticed it bore no resemblance to the pictures that we had seen in the brochure
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El personal estuvo a punto de irse, pero sus demandas fueron aceptadas por la dirección 开始学习
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The staff had been on the verge of walking out when their demands were accepted by the management
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discrimination of any kind (aborrecer) 开始学习
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Implicaciones a largo plazo 开始学习
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开始学习
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Todos los detalles y pormenores 开始学习
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All the ins and outs of it
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Estoy seguro de que si sigues estrujándote el cerebro 开始学习
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I’m sure if you keep racking your brain
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Seguro que encontrarás una solución 开始学习
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You’re bound to find a solution
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Didn’t go through with it
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Perdió el valor / se acobardó 开始学习
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Estaba a punto de anunciarlo 开始学习
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Was on the verge of announcing
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Tienen que dedicar cada vez más recursos al esfuerzo con el tiempo 开始学习
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They have to pour more and more resources into the effort over time
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Las empresas se han topado con un problema desconcertante 开始学习
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Companies have ended up against a vexing problem
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La acumulación de conocimiento puede frenar el progreso 开始学习
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The accumulation of knowledge can hold back progress
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Recientemente, estaba ojeando las páginas de un libro sobre descubrimientos científicos. ojeando, pasando rápidamente las páginas 开始学习
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Recently, I was flicking through the pages of a book on scientific discoveries
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Mientras lo hacía, me topé con una explicación científica para su descubrimiento encontrarse con algo inesperadamente 开始学习
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As I did so, I stumbled forward a scientific explanation for his discovery
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Él ideó una solución para las infecciones posparto en su clínica 开始学习
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He came up with a solution to postpartum infections in his clinic
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El lavado de manos redujo el número de casos de fiebre, señaló 开始学习
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Handwashing brought down the number of cases of fever, he noted
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Escribió un libro basándose en sus observaciones y resumiendo sus conclusiones basándose en, utilizando como fuente 开始学习
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He wrote a book drawing on his observations and outlining his conclusions
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Pero no pudo transmitir/explicar la historia de un obstetra húngaro del siglo XIX transmitir, comunicar, explicar de forma efectiva 开始学习
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But he was unable to put across the story of a 19th-century Hungarian obstetrician
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Como resultado, su teoría encontró/se topó con una feroz resistencia por parte de la comunidad médica. encontró, se topó con, recibió. 开始学习
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As a result, his theory met with fierce resistance from the medical community
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Sus colegas médicos descartaron la poca esperanza de que su idea alguna vez fuera aceptada 开始学习
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His fellow doctors threw out little hope that his idea would ever receive acceptance
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Él mantuvo/sostuvo la sugerencia de que debían desinfectarse las manos mantuvo, sostuvo, persistió con (una idea o sugerencia 开始学习
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He held out the suggestion that they should disinfect their hands
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Más tarde, la gente aceptaría/cambiaría a su forma de pensar, pero no hasta después de su muerte aceptar una idea o cambiar de opinión para estar de acuerdo con algo/alguien. 开始学习
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People would later come round to his way of thinking, but not until after his death
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particularmente útil para rastrear 开始学习
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particularly handy for tracking
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categoriza automáticamente 开始学习
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automatically categorises
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excepcionalmente bueno en esto 开始学习
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exceptionally good at this
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endiabladamente difícil de encontrar 开始学习
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fiendishly difficult to find
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facilita demasiado borrar inadvertidamente hilos de correo 开始学习
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make it far too easy to inadvertently delete email threads
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quedé prendado / quedé fascinado 开始学习
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El móvil es un lugar atroz para manejar el correo 开始学习
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phone is an atrocious place to deal with email
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esta cuestión era inconcebible 开始学习
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this question was inconceivable
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el sector recibió una ganancia inesperada 开始学习
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the field received an unexpected windfall
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Nicaragua inscribió a cientos de niños fallecidos en una escuela recién construida 开始学习
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Nicaragua enrolled hundreds of dead children into a newly built school
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hazaña trascendental en el campo de la lingüística 开始学习
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momentous feat within the field of linguistics
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descifraron pacientemente el idioma 开始学习
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they patiently decoded the language
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开始学习
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开始学习
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GRAM: Ella está en Turquía. Ojalá tenga ropa de abrigo porque en esta época del año hace algo de frío Will / won't is used to make predictions about the present or future, based on knowledge, experience or expectations 开始学习
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She is in Turkey. Hopefully she has warm clothes because at this time of year it will be a bit chilly
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GRAM: No podemos ir a verlos ahora; seguramente ya se habrán ido "Will have + past participle" is used to make predictions about the past 开始学习
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We can't go and see them now, they will have gone out
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GRAM: ¿Puedes abrir la puerta? "Will" is often used to talk about willingness, unwilligness and refusal 开始学习
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Will you get the door open?
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GRAM: Tendré que pedirte que tomes asiento y esperes a que te atiendan "Will" can be used to make instructions or requests sound more polite and less direct 开始学习
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I'll have to ask you to take a seat and wait to be seen
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GRAM: Bueno, si sigues diciéndole eso a la cara... In spoken English, sentences with extra stress placed on "will" can be used to criticise the way people behave 开始学习
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Well, if you will keep saying that to his face...
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GRAM: ¿Te preparo un sándwich? "Shall" is used to make offers or suggestions 开始学习
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Shall I fix you a sandwich?
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GRAM: Hablaré del asunto con él a ver si podemos llegar a algún tipo de acuerdo "Shall" is also used to express determination 开始学习
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I shall discuss the matter with him and see if we can get some kind of resolution
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GRAM: En los próximos meses, la empresa seguirá ampliando su presencia en línea "Shall" can be used instead of will to talk about future intentions or make predictions, but this is less common 开始学习
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In the coming months, the firm shall/will continue to grow its online presence
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GRAM: El cliente será responsable del mantenimiento del vehículo (en un documento legal) In formal writing, such as in legal documents, "shall" is often used to refer to obligations or duties 开始学习
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The customer shall be responsible for the maintenance of the vehicle
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GRAM: Buscad y hallaréis; nunca se encontrarán; esto también pasará, etc. (usos literarios/proverbiales de "shall") "Shall" is still used in a number of fixed expressions and idioms based on old speech patterns 开始学习
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Seek and ye shall find; never the twain shall meet; this too shall pass, etc.
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GRAM: El conductor no me dejó subir porque estaba lleno We can use "would not" (but not "would") for a refusal on a single occasion in the past 开始学习
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The driver wouldn't let me on because it was packed
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GRAM: Y, ¿te lo puedes creer?, ni siquiera pidió perdón The informar expression "would you believe (it)" is used to show surprise and annoyance 开始学习
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And, would you believe, she didn't even say sorry!
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cada vez que hacemos una llamada 开始学习
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each and every time we make a call
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satélites espaciales que están en órbita alrededor de la Tierra 开始学习
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space satellites which are in orbit around the Earth
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los satélites GPS llevan relojes sincronizados con una precisión de 1 a 3 milisegundos 开始学习
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GPS satellites carry clocks synchronised to within 1-3 milliseconds
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las redes móviles hacen un uso eficiente de estos relojes 开始学习
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mobile networks make effective use of these clocks
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Un fallo provocaría una infinidad de problemas 开始学习
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A glitch would give rise to a myriad of problems
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开始学习
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Todos estaríamos perdidos, y no solo en un sentido 开始学习
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we'd all be lost in more ways than one
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Lejos de sentirse molesto por el comportamiento escandaloso de los niños... 开始学习
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Far from being irritated by the children's outrageous behaviour...
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Al niño se le dijo claramente que ese comportamiento era inaceptable 开始学习
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The child was told in no uncertain terms that it was unacceptable
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La implementación completa de la política llevará otros dos años 开始学习
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The full implementation of the policy will take another two years
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Bajo ninguna circunstancia debe dejarse este portátil en un coche sin cerrar 开始学习
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Under no circumstances is this laptop to be left in an unlocked car
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Recibió críticas injustas tras la pérdida del cliente más importante 开始学习
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He came in for unjust criticism after the loss of the key client
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La falta de dinero fue un obstáculo para nuestros planes 开始学习
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Lack of money was a stumbling block to our plans
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IDIOM: Es inteligente, igual que su padre/madre; es el vivo retrato de sus padres. 开始学习
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She’s intelligent, a real chip off the old block.
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IDIOM: Estamos dando vueltas sobre lo mismo con este problema. 开始学习
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We’re going round in circles with this problem.
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IDIOM: Se volverá loco si sigue trabajando hasta tan tarde. 开始学习
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He’ll go round the bend if he keeps working late.
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IDIOM: Ganar la lotería es algo muy improbable. 开始学习
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Winning the lottery is a long shot.
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IDIOM: Esa respuesta fue solo un disparo a ciegas. 开始学习
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That answer was just a shot in the dark
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