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In the 1940s, a "Second Chicago School" emerged from the work of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and his efforts of education at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. 开始学习
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. Its first and purest expression was the 860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments (1951) and their technological achievements. 开始学习
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This was supported and enlarged in the 1960s due to the ideas of structural engineer Fazlur Khan 开始学习
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He introduced a new structural system of framed tubes in skyscraper design and construction. 开始学习
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The engineer Fazlur Khan defined the framed tube structure as "a three dimensional space structure composed of three, four, or possibly more frames, braced frames, or shear walls 开始学习
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Closely spaced interconnected exterior columns form the tube 开始学习
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Kolumny połączone blisko siebie tworzą rurkę zewnętrzne
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Horizontal loads, for example wind, are supported by the structure as a whole. 开始学习
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Obciążenia poziome, na przykład wiatr, są podpierane przez strukturę w całości.
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About half the exterior surface is available for windows. 开始学习
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Framed tubes allow fewer interior columns, and so create more usable floor space. 开始学习
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Rury oprawione/ system rur
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Where larger openings like garage doors are required, the tube frame must be interrupted, with transfer girders used to maintain structural integrity. 开始学习
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The first building to apply the tube-frame construction was the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartment Building which Khan designed and was completed in Chicago by 1963 开始学习
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This laid the foundations for the tube structures of many other later skyscrapers, 开始学习
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Today, there are different styles of architecture all throughout the city, such as the Chicago School, neo-classical, art deco, modern, and postmodern 开始学习
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Obecnie istnieją różne style architektury całym mieście, takich jak szkoły chicagowskiej, neoklasycystycznym, art deco, nowoczesny i postmodernizmu
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Form follows function is a principle associated with modernist architecture and industrial design in the 20th century. 开始学习
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The principle is that the shape of a building or object should be primarily based upon its intended function or purpose. 开始学习
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opiera się przede wszystkim na
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