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What are targeting regimes in the world? 开始学习
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- Inflation targeting regime - Inflation targeting regime with prevailing rates close to 0% - mixed targeting regime - exchange rate targeting regime
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Give example of country with inflation targeting regime 开始学习
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Russia, most of the Europe, Brazil
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Give example of country with inflation targeting regime with prevailing rates close to 0% 开始学习
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Give example of country with mixed targeting regime 开始学习
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China, Kazakhstan, Indonesia
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Give example of country with exchange rate targeting regime. 开始学习
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Denmark, Bulgaria, Venezuela
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What is the active approach? 开始学习
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the bank conducts action on its initiative
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What is the passive approach? 开始学习
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basically means that market participants may totally on their discretion choose to exchange any amounts of currency through available fixed exchange rate. Such approach is based on the assumption that rational market players will want to exhaust the opportunity to make gain or avoid loss and will exchange the currency until it reaches the equilibrium of the fixed peg.
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What in theory don't do banks with exchange rate targeting? 开始学习
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do not try to influence the inner economy by any means except for the FX interventions.
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What are the most common interventions by currency? 开始学习
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sale of USD, than purchase of USD
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What is Repurchase Agreement (repo)? 开始学习
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The Fed purchases US government securities will an agreement that the seller will buy them back (repurchase them) at a specified price on a specified date, usually within two weeks. A repo is therefore like a temporary open market purchase, temporarily increasing the monetary base.
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What is matched sale-purchase transaction (reverse repo)? 开始学习
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The Fed sells US government securities with an agreement that the buyer will sell them back at a specified price on a specified date, again usually within two weeks. A reverse repo is therefore like a temporary open market sale, temporarily decreasing the monetary base.
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What are the advantages of open market operations? 开始学习
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They are under the direct and complete control of the Fed; They can be large or small; They can be easily reversed; They can be implemented quickly
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How can Fed can affect the volume of discount loans? 开始学习
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by setting the discount rate
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What happens when the discount rate is higher 开始学习
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A higher discount rate makes discount borrowing less attractive to banks and will therefore reduce the volume of discount loans.
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What happens when the discount rate is lower? 开始学习
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A lower discount rate makes discount borrowing more attractive to banks and will therefore increase the volume of discount loans.
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What is the advantage of discount loan? 开始学习
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They allow the Fed to act as a lender of last resort during a financial panic.
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Disadvantages of using discount loans as a tool for monetary policy during normal times: 开始学习
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The volume of discount loans can be influenced by the Fed, but not completely controlled: The Fed cannot be sure how many banks will request discount loans at any given interest rate. Changes in the discount rate must be proposed by the Federal Reserve Banks before being approved by the Board of Governors. Hence, they are neither quickly made nor easily reversed.
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disadvantages of changes in reserve requirements 开始学习
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Large changes in reserves must be approved by Congress. Hence, large changes cannot be made quickly and easily. Also, if a bank holds only a small amount of excess reserves and the required reserve ratio is increased, the bank will have to quickly acquire reserves by borrowing, selling securities, or reducing its loans. Each of these three options is costly and disruptive. Hence, changes in reserve requirements can cause problems for banks by making liquidity management more difficult.
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