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The misuse (of something) It is easy to misuse statistics to falsely convince the uninformed 开始学习
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Niewłaściwe użycie (czegoś) to use something incorrectly,
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1. Williams abused his position as mayor to give jobs to his friends. 2. People think that emotional abuse isn't as bad as physical abuse, 开始学习
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Nadużywać czegoś / wykorzystywac use something in a way that will cause damage or harm
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Many of those quack doctors were busy selling their own, often more dangerous diet cures. 开始学习
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someone who dishonestly claims to have specialist knowledge in a particular field, usually in medicine.
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Most medical practices were based on a fearful quackery, and most of the doctors were butchers or just crazy. 开始学习
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the word for the actions of quacks.
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charlatan, snake oil salesman, Are We Turning CBD Into Snake Oil? 开始学习
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szarlatan, osoba świadomie sprzedająca podróbki lub fałszywy towar negative words for someone who lies about their identity, perhaps pretending to be a doctor when in fact they’re not.
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开始学习
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a bad journalist - perhaps someone who writes stories that are sensational but not completely factual. It’s a journalist or writer with no integrity.
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politicians chase headlines over evidence-based policy 开始学习
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polityka oparta na faktach policy which is based on proper scientific evidence.
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Transparency has always been a very important issue for the Council. 开始学习
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zrozumiałość (np. języka), przejrzystość (np. informacji), jawność (kłamstwa) he word we use to refer to making information available and open for everyone
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As the liquid cools it becomes cloudy and opaque. 开始学习
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opposite of transparent, but this is usually just used for things you can’t see through. We don’t usually talk about opaque companies or opaque research.
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开始学习
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półprzezroczysty (o cieczy), prześwitujący (np. materiał) you can partly see through, like glass that is frosted and lets in light, but you can’t see detail
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Jane is one of the most reliable people in the office and she is a genuine asset to the company. 开始学习
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solidny, niezawodny, wiarygodny, rzetelny, spolegliwy, godny zaufania We use it in everyday English for various things, like to describe people you can rely on.
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This technology is very unreliable. 开始学习
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niesolidny, niepewny, zawodny opposite to reliable
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To rely on someone/something I think we need to get a new car. We just can’t rely on this one any more. 开始学习
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phrasal verb associated with the adjective reliable
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It’s important to avoid bias in scientific studies because it can cause the results to be misleading. 开始学习
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stronniczość, uprzedzenie, is a preference for or against something. (Political bias, gender bias, racial bias)
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The newspaper is a bit biased. They write more positively about the government than the opposition. 开始学习
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Ta gazeta jest nieco stronnicza. Lepiej piszą o rządzie niż o opozycji.
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I rely on your unbiased opinion 开始学习
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opposite to biased
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Incompetence / incompetent Brexit has been a complete disaster so far largely because of the incompetence of government ministers in their negotiations with the EU. 开始学习
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niekompetencja/niekompetentny This is the lack of skill or ability to do your job properly.
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Naturally, if you are running a company you want to employ competent people so you can rely on them to do their jobs properly. 开始学习
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kompetencje / kompetencje opposite to inccompetence
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Efficacious and efficacy are the words used in the pharmaceutical industry, by medical professionals and doctors when discussing how a drug works under test conditions. 开始学习
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Both of these words (effectiveness and efficacy) mean when something works in the way that was intended. Another way to say this is to say that it works well.
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It wasn't the most effective way to solve this problem 开始学习
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Steve badly misinterpreted the statistics of the survey. 开始学习
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misinterpreting data, research, results, information, figures, facts etc, means drawing the wrong conclusions from it.
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If you are an auditor you might scrutinise the financial records of a company to make sure there is no evidence of fraud. 开始学习
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szczegółowo badać (coś), analizować (coś) To scrutinise something means to examine it very carefully in a lot of detail.
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his essay could use some professional scrutiny 开始学习
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szczegółowe badanie (np. dokumentu), analiza (czegoś)
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be the subject of scrutiny The way in which the courts handle such claims has been the subject of close scrutiny. 开始学习
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(=be examined)
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Anti-perspirant deodorant is the stuff that we typically put into our armpits 开始学习
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spaces under your arms where your arms join your body
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He always perspires when he's lying. 开始学习
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When you get sick like that it’s normal to check your throat and neck to see if your glands are swollen 开始学习
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A gland is an organ in the body which produces something the body needs, like hormones or sweat.
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Clogged nose, Clogged roads, A clogged drain or sink Please do not use the toilet, it's clogged. 开始学习
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Clogged basically means blocked, but it’s when stuff (like dirt) blocks something that usually allows things to flow smoothly. Nie korzystaj z toalety, jest zapchana.
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开始学习
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At first glance, the place seemed deserted. 开始学习
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at first glance means when you first look at something quickly, without taking time to look at the details.
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开始学习
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chemicals added to products to improve their appearance, taste, lifespan etc. Additives are usually considered to be a bad thing.
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It’s full of fruit with no artificial preservatives or colourings. 开始学习
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are more specific types of additives which are put into products to preserve them, so they don’t go off, get mouldy, go stale or decompose.
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Malaria that is invulnerable to drugs is spreading across the world. 开始学习
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If you are invulnerable to something, it means it can’t harm you and you can’t be affected by it.
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Tourists are more vulnerable to attack, because they do not know which areas of the city to avoid. 开始学习
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able to be easily physically, emotionally, or mentally hurt, influenced, or attacked
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The police need concrete evidence of an offence before they can prosecute someone. 开始学习
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That sounds a bit vague, so here’s a concrete example. 开始学习
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The placebo could be powerful because it meets some psychological need for attention and treatment. 开始学习
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the pill that patients are told is real medicine but which actually contains no medicine
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There has been a startling increase in the numbers of homeless people 开始学习
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zadziwiający, zdumiewający it is surprising and unusual. It makes you go “OH!”
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You startled me! I didn't hear you come in. 开始学习
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to do something unexpected that surprises and sometimes worries a person or animal:
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It’s likely to rain tomorrow. 开始学习
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If something is likely, it will probably happen or is expected
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Archeologists made a chilling discovery when they uncovered some mass execution graves. 开始学习
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This means that it makes you feel frightened, disturbed, scared.
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I’m sorry, I didn’t mean to push you.’ ‘Don’t worry, no harm done.’ 开始学习
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To do more harm than good If you don’t warm up properly, exercise may do more harm than good. 开始学习
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Wyrządzić więcej szkody niż pożytku
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To take something with a pinch of salt t's best to take what he says with a pinch of salt - he's always exaggerating. 开始学习
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traktować coś z przymrużeniem oka This idiom means that you don’t need to believe what the person says.
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