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all the companies or individuals ('middlemen') involved in moving goods or services from producers to consumers
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an intermediary that stocks manufacturers' goods or merchandise, and sells it to retailers and professional buyers
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dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers who have different requirements or buying habits
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making a product (appear to be) different from similar products offered by other sellers, by product differences, advertising, packaging, etc
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possibilities of filling unsatisfied needs in sectors in which a company can profitably produce goods or services
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setting a high price for a new product, to make maximum revenue before competing products appear on the market
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someone who contacts existing and potential customers, and tries to persuade them to buy goods or services
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the attributes or characteristics of a product, sich as size, shape, quality, price, reliability, etc
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the extent to which supply or demand (the quantity produced or bought) of a product responds to changes of price
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the strategy of setting a low price to try to sell a large volume and increase market share
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introduction, growth, maturity, decline stage
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company that designs advertising for clients
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the advertising of a particular product or service during a particular period of time
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the statement of objectives that a client work out with an advertising agency
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a defined set of customers whose needs a company plans to satisfy
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the amount of money a company plans to spend in developing its advertising and buying media time or space
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the choice of where to advertise in order to reach the right people
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the comparative-parity method 开始学习
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choosing to spend the same amount on advertising as one's competitors
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a small amount of a product given to customers to encourage them to try it
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word-of-mouth advertising 开始学习
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free advertising, when satisfied customers recommend products to their friends
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trying to get consumers to forward an online marketing message to other people
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