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Gerund after PREPOSITIONS 开始学习
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Gerund after CERTAIN VERBS: like, love, hate, enjoy, mind, finish, stop 开始学习
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Gerund as the SUBJECT of a sentence 开始学习
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TO+INFINITIVE After ADJECTIVES 开始学习
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This problem is difficult to solve.
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TO+INFINITIVE After CERTAIN VERBS: would like, want, need, decide, hope, expect, plan, forget, seem, try, promise, offer, refuse, learn, manage. 开始学习
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TO+INFINITIVE To express PURPOSE/REASON 开始学习
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I'm chasing this guy to earn my bread and butter.
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Stop! I'm tired of running. 开始学习
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This is a difficult situation to solve. I enjoy seeing you tired, but I would also like to escape.
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USUALLY: FOR CURRENT HABITS Melissa, a good English teacher, usually makes students repeat sentences correctly. This usually bothers Meritxell, her student, a little. 开始学习
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Melissa, a good English teacher, usually makes students repeat sentences correctly. This usually bothers Meritxell, her student, a little.
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USED TO: FOR PAST HABITS OR PAST SITUATIONS THAT HAVE CHANGED Meritxell used to take drugs, but now she doesn't even smoke. 开始学习
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subject + USED TO + infinitive Meritxell used to take drugs, but now she doesn't even smoke.
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BE USED TO: FOR A NEW SITUATION THAT YOU ARE ALREADY ACCUSTOMED TO Melissa is used to craving food all the time since she quit smoking. craving a very strong desire for something: a craving for chocolate 开始学习
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subject + BE USED TO + gerund or noun Melissa is used to craving food all the time since she quit smoking.
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GET USED TO: FOR SOMETHING THAT IS BECOMING FAMILIAR TO YOU OR TO WHICH YOU ARE ADAPTING. Melissa and Meritxell haven't gotten used to living without addictions. 开始学习
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subject + GET USED TO + gerund or noun
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Repeat after me: I used to take drugs. 开始学习
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I wish you were here. I wish we were lying in bed together. You can use "were" for I/he/she/it.
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to express regret or in reference to unreal situations.
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Wishes for the PRESENT and FUTURE 开始学习
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Use PAST SIMPLE or PAST CONTINUOUS
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to express when you would like a situation to be different.
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He wishes they were lying on the bed. 开始学习
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to express when you would like to be doing something different. He wishes they were lying on the bed.
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I wish you would stop laughing at me. Now I wish you hadn't come over. 开始学习
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I wish you would stop laughing at me. Now I wish you hadn't come over.
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He wishes she handn't come over. 开始学习
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to express regret or when you would like a situation to be different.
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To COMPLAIN or express IMPATIENCE 开始学习
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Use WOULD+VERB or COULD+VERB
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He wishes she would stop laughing.
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He wishes he could make her disappear.
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You can use SUBJECT+WISH+PRONOUN in fixed expressions: 开始学习
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RATHER at The Museum of Modern Art 开始学习
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I would rather shoot myself than wait in line with all these snobs.
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Look and learn! You have to be an alternative artist. 开始学习
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Oh Daddy! I would rather just be a waitress.
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He is a sex maniac rather than an art enthusiastic 开始学习
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means "instead of" or "and not". Normally used to compare parallel structures.
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means "would prefer to...
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WOULD RATHER ... THAN is used to show preference between options. Elvis would rather be the center of attention than be just like everybody else. 开始学习
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SUBJECT+WOULD RATHER+INFINITIVE without to+OPTION 1+THAN+OPTION 2 Elvis would rather be the center of attention than be just like everybody else.
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WOULD RATHER is used to show preference for one option over another. -Hey, Jeff! Let's get out of here! -I'd rather stay here. 开始学习
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SUBJECT+WOULD RATHER+INFINITIVE without to+OPTION -Hey, Jeff! Let's get out of here! -I'd rather stay here.
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She is distracted, or rather, she is pretending to be distracted. 开始学习
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Used to change what it is just said. She is distracted, or rather, she is pretending to be distracted.
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Marilyn had a rather tender look. 开始学习
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is also an adverb of degree. It means "quite". Marilyn had a rather tender look.
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Connectors, also called linking words or linkers, indicate the relationship between ideas.
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The last clue drove Harry to the wood house on top of the montain. Maybe this would be the telltale clue. The weather was very bad and, (?), the car lights 开始学习
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The last clue drove Harry to the wood house on top of the montain. Maybe this would be the telltale clue. The weather was very bad and, in addition, the car lights
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the car lights didn't work (?) they had been shout out a couple of hours earlier. 开始学习
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the car lights didn't work because they had been shout out a couple of hours earlier.
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(?) all this, Harry managed to get to the place and get out of the car unnoticed. 开始学习
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Despite all this, Harry managed to get to the place and get out of the car unnoticed.
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The lights of the house were on (?) Harry carefully crawled through the bushes until he reached the window. 开始学习
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The lights of the house were on so Harry carefully crawled through the bushes until he reached the window.
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There he saw Elisabeth crying. (?), a shiver came over his body. 开始学习
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There he saw Elisabeth crying. Suddenly, a shiver came over his body.
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Elisabeth was actually laughing (?) looking directly into Harry's eyes 开始学习
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Elisabeth was actually laughing and looking directly into Harry's eyes
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for example (e.g.), for instance, such as
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with regard to, regarding, concerning, by the way
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and, also, too, as well as, in addition, apart from, besides, furthermore, moreover, then again
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in short, in brief, in summary, to conclude, in conclusion
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because, because of, for, since, as, due to, owing to
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so, consequently, as a result, therefore, thus, hence
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but, however, although, even though, though, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, nonetheless, while, whereas, unlike, on the other hand, anyway
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firstly, secondly, thirdly, to begin with, next, lastly, finaly
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at the beginning, then, at last, once, afterwards, suddenly, finally, in the end
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obviously, particularly, in theory, in fact, especially
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surely, indeed, undoubtedly, certainly, even so
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A relative clause is a dependent clause that mofifies a word, phrase or idea in the main clause.
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A relative clause begins with a 开始学习
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RELATIVE PRONOUN WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, THAT or WHITCH The type of clause determines which relative pronoun to use. (in certain situations, WHAT, WHEN and WHERE can function as relative pronouns)
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There are two types of relative clauses: 开始学习
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NON-DEFINING CLAUSES and DEFINING CLAUSES
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The information contained in defining clauses is ESSENTIAL. When deleted, it's nor clear who or what is being talked about. This type of clause is NOT separated by a COMMA.
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In this type of clause the relative pronouns used are: The woman who is pushing a stroller is her heroine 开始学习
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For people: WHO, THAT (and WHOM followed by a preposition). For things: WHICH, THAT stroller: a chair on wheels in which a small child can be pushed along SYN buggy British English
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In non-defining clauses the information is NOT ESSENTIAL. When deleted, it's still clear who or what is being talked about. This type of clause is separated by a COMMA from the main clause.
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In this type of clause the relative pronouns used are: Exercise, which is supposed to be good for your health, is killing her. 开始学习
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For people: WHO (and WHOM, WHOSE) For things: WHICH (and WHOSE)
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There are two voices in English: the active and the passive
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The dog bit Julianne's leg. 开始学习
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describes what the subject does. The dog bit Julianne's leg.
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Julianne's leg was bitten by some dog. 开始学习
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describes what is done to the subject. It's usually used when we don't know or are not interested in who performs the action. Julianne's leg was bitten by some dog.
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The passive voice is formed with: 开始学习
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It can also be formed by: 开始学习
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All the verb tenses can be expressed in passive voice. 开始学习
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The concert will be performed next week. The concert has been performed already.
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to show the person or thing doing the action. The painting was made by a monkey.
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I would like him to be eaten too. 开始学习
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The pigeons are eating a worm. Worms are eaten every day all over the world.
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I need a friend ASAP. She said she needed a friend ASAP. ASAP the abbreviation of as soon as possible
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There are two ways to repeat what another person said: 开始学习
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DIRECT SPEECH and REPORTED SPEECH
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uses exact words in quotation marks. She said "I need a friend".
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She said she needed a friend.
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the past form of direct speech.
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She said she needed a friend.
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She said she was feeling alone.
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I've spent all Sundays watching TV. 开始学习
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She said she had spent all Sunday watching TV.
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She said she would go to bed early.
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When direct speech uses a past form, 开始学习
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reported speech doesn't change.
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I was looking for a better life. 开始学习
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She said she was looking for a better life.
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