Gramatyka kontrastywna

a) Structural differences -One of the languages allows for a syntactic structure to be derived which has no syntactically congruent counterpart in the other language

- the subject noun phrase is regarded as an obligatory constituent in the underlying structure of an English sentence (exception: imperative sentences)

Było ciemno. Mówi się o tym niewiele. Pobito Janka.

a) A third person singular neuter verb Ex. It was dark b) A third person singular neuter reflexive verb (się – arbitrary subject) Ex. One does not sapek about it much c) Special –no, -to impersonal verb forms Ex. John has been beaten up

Ona śpiewa pięknie. Czuję się zmęczony. Potrzebujemy pomocy pilnie. Nazywają go wielkim.

a) Vb + Adv She sings beautifully b) Vb + Adj I feel tired c) Vb + NP + Adv We need help urgently d) Vb + NP + Adj They call him great

Czasowniki modalne: móc, musieć, (po)winien, ma, trzeba, należy, można, wolno

a) Polish modal verbs b) Characteristics to distinguish auxiliaries from main verbs In both languages: -The non-occurrence of modals in infinitive and gerundive constructions (canning swim)

a) post-nominal modifying ‘of’ prepositional phrases in English are usually rendered as genitive noun phrases in Polish-the top of the mountain

•Direct Object as a theme Context: Who bought that coat? THAT COAT was bought by Mary •Indirect Object as a theme Context: Mary gave a book to Tom. Did she give a book to John too? No, JOHN was given cigarettes

a) Tomek urodził sie w Warszawie

a) The focus in the unmarked case is at the end of the clause -Tom was born in Warsaw

a) If the sentencje begins with adverbs here, there, now, then, the subject is not a pronoun and the verb is one of the intransitive verbs of movement •There comes Johnny *When the subject is pronominal, there is no inversion•Down came the rain

Where do you come from? a) In declarative sentences: After certain introductory expressions, mostly negative in meaning: --- On no account may you return after midnight.

• If both objects are full NPs, IO precedes DO: a. He gave Mary a gift. • If both are pronominal, the IO is a PP and follows DO: b. He gave it to me.

a. On dał Ani klucz b. On dał klucz Ani. c. on dał jej klucz. d. On dał klucz jej. e. On dał go Ani. f. On dał Ani go. g. On jej to dał h. On to jej dał

In Polish they can appear in both order if they are full NPs: a, b If one Object is pronominal it comes as first: c, d, e, f If both objects are pronominal they usually appear before the verb in either order: g,h

• Adverbs of attitude • Some adverbs of manner • Adverbs of frequency for emphasis

• Adverbs of frequency and degree • Adverbs of manner if they do not essentially contribute to the interpretation of the verb.

• Adverbs of manner, place and time (in a relative order).

Brakuje nam pieniędzy We lack money

-The translation of a sentence in one language into another involves a change of a syntactic function of one of its elements.Ex. The subject noun phrase in the Polish sentence becomes a direct object in its English translation equivalent

a) On wyjechał z Poznania - Wyjechał z Poznania. b) Tomek twierdzi, że on się zgadza. Tomek powiedział, że się zgadza

a) in Polish the main clause need not have a subject on the surface b) This applies also in embedded clauses with clause complementizer że:

d) W pile otwarli nową galerię e) Widać stąd miasto

d) A third person plural Ex. A new shopping mall has been opened in Pila e) Special non-inflected form of a verb Ex. the town can be seen from here

c) poczęstuj go cygarem d) wiosną topnieją sniegi

c) instrumental adverbials and some manner adverbials which are instrumental case noun phrases in Polish are rendered in English translation as prepositional phrases- treat him to a cigar

Context: słyszałem, że malujesz łazienkę na niebiesko Nie, KUCHNIĘ maluję na niebiesko. Indirect Object as focus Context: Czy to prawda, że pokazałeś cały dom Jankowi? Nie, TOMKOWI pokazałem cały dom

c) In Polish the focus may be the first noun in the sentence: *In contrastive context, but unlike in English not only the subject can be focus in initial position * in sentences which are stylistically marked. Direct Object as focus

b) przede mną leżała cała dolina

b) After certain adverbial phrases in written, literary language when intransitive verb expresses location, position or movement in space, and it is in a simple form •In front of me lay the whole valley

Wyglądasz cudownie (adv)

b) Categorical contrast -Elements in sentences in both language belong to different syntactic categories Ex. You look wonderful (adj.)

c) kocham cię powiedział chłopczyk

c) In reported speech, when the subject is non-pronominal I love you said the little boy

b)-The non-existence of constructions in which a modal is preceded immediately by another auxiliary word (he must can swim)

b) genitive and instrumental objects following some reflexive verbs in Polish correspond to prepositional objects in English-he played with the matches

b) In elliptical structures: She does not like jazz, and neither do I.

f) Nie ma skrzydlatych koni Ubywało wody. Brakowało sił.

f) Contructions which denote absence or non-existence of something or express the notion of gradual disappearance or increase. All examples are in Genetive form and are negations:–there are no winged Horsens-there was less and less water

b) The focus In English is marked:*In contrastive contexts if the subject is the focus Context: Was John born in Warsaw? No, TOM was born in Warsaw

Wiosną śniegi topnieją

d) time adverbials in Polish -snow melts in spring