Essentials

Explain why project is needed. | Provides a financial rationale. | Manages can be more proactive to risks.

2 x2

Retained cash. / Working capital. || Existing shareholders. / New share issue.

Software value tokens. A company wanting to raise finance creates its own cryptocurrency. These are then sold to investors, who typically pay in another cryptocurrency. Tokens are not like shares. Investors hope that the tokens will appreciate in value.

| Feedforward control. | Flexed budgets for variable costs.

Human and financial resources ensuring. | Obligation to shareholders understanding and meeting. | Represent company to the public. | Entrepreneurial leadership. | Mission of company determining. | <SI, BACHOREM>

Trust of shareholders increased. | Expertise structures creation to improve decision in key areas. | Workload of board reducing.

(as opposed to outsider-dominated) This is an extension of the same idea. Insider-dominated structures are where the listed companies are dominated by a small group of shareholders. May be family owned, may be banks. Predominate in Japan and Germany.

Is generally context-specific, and typical contents will vary with industry.

To support integrated thinking, decision making and actions that focus on the creation of value over the short, medium and long term.

Internal audit department

Audit committee

Approve statements in annual report regarding internal controls

Business can make use of the 6 principles when deciding whether their approach to preventing bribery is adequate.

Enterprise risk management

audit committee

All directors in FTSE 350 companies should be put forward for re-election every year. | Remuneration, Audit and Nomination committees.

Hardware security module - physical computing device that safeguards and manages digital keys for strong authentication and provides cryptoprocessing.

Leadership - clear division between CEO and Chairman. | Accountability - maintain sound IC and risk management (RM) systems. AC establishing. | Effectiveness - 50% od NEDs. induction on joining the board. Annual evaluation of its own performance.

Eco-Management and Audit Scheme

Data collection methods allow employees to be monitored in detail every second of the day. Some companies place sensors in nametags so that employee movements at work can be monitored. The system monitor to whom each employee talks and its tone of voice.

Organisation - e.g. ensuring that the sales team can’t decide on sales prices to boost demand and their commissions. | Personnel - ensure that staff are properly selected and trained. | Management - managers and supervisors keep an eye on what’s going on.

Task culture. Modern type of culture. employees do not concentrate so much on their role or title. Instead they concentrate on getting the task. The tend to be highly motivated, flexible, adaptable, and eager to learn.

Project sponsor. | Project manager. | Team members.