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The part of grammar that represents a speaker's knowlege of constructing phrases and sentences out of morphemes and words is 开始学习
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WORD ORDER is in other words 开始学习
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every sentence is a sequence of word but 开始学习
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not every sequence of words is a sentence
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conform to the rules of syntax. there are 开始学习
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well formed (grammatical) sequences of words
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grammaticality is based on 开始学习
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the fact: to be a sentence, wors must conform to specific patterns determined by syntactic rules of the language
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grammaticality is not based on 开始学习
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whether the sentence is meaningful or not
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within a phrase, certain words are grouped together, structure in a sentence is the same but meaning can be different. it is called 开始学习
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ambiguity (double meaning)
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there are two types of ambiguity 开始学习
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structural (form) and lexical (meaning of words)
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the syntactic rules must account for 开始学习
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1. the grammaticality of the sentence 2. word order 3. structural ambiguity 4. grammatical relations 5. whether different structures have different meanings 6. the creative aspects of language
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开始学习
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in every sentence, composed of constituents
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开始学习
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certain grouping of words, hierarchically arranged parts
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开始学习
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a family of expressions that can substitute for one another without loss of grammaticality
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开始学习
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branches of trees are called 开始学习
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开始学习
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1) linear string of words 2) hierarchical structure with phrases nested in phrase
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开始学习
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the lowest level of the consituent structure tree
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what does every higher node with lower node? (node - branch of tree) 开始学习
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开始学习
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Noun Phrase, phrasal category
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开始学习
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开始学习
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the total inventory of morphemes in a given language, vocabulary, knowledge of thousands of words and how to combine them
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transitive verb (e.g. find) 开始学习
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must be followed by an object!
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开始学习
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transforms syntactic structure. deletion, inserion an movement are instances of this rule
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开始学习
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开始学习
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different form but the same meaning: I killed him. He was killed by me.
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long-distance relationship: 开始学习
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1. subject-verb agreement (s in 3rd person singular) 2. wh sentences 3. passive voice
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开始学习
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moving the direct object to the beginning of the sentence
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