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The person(s) reading a text, listening to a speech, or observing a performance. 开始学习
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The reason for which something exists or is written. 开始学习
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An article in a newspaper or other periodical presenting the opinion of the author. - artykuł wstępny, wstępniak 开始学习
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Writing that reflects superficial thought and research, a popular plant, a hurried composition, conceived of exemplifying topical newspaper or popular magazine writing as distinguished from scholarly writing. 开始学习
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Information, Ideas, or Rumors that are spread to help or harm a person 开始学习
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A contrasting position/reason in an argument/debate 开始学习
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The aims and principles of a political party. 开始学习
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A tendency to believe that some people, ideas, etc... Are better than others. - tendencyjność, stronniczość, uprzedzenia 开始学习
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To contradict or oppose one side of an argument using logic and evidence? - obalenie (teorii), udowodnienie fałszywości (np. twierdzenia) 开始学习
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The science that studies the formal processes used in thinking and reasoning. 开始学习
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A discussion between 2 sides, using support and evidence. 开始学习
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The act or process of forming opinions that are based on little information. Examples: 开始学习
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The act or process of using logic or reason to form a conclusion. 开始学习
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Reasons or evidence used to prove the claim. 开始学习
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A statement or idea that is accepted as being true and is the base of an argument. - przesłanka, założenie 开始学习
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The art or skill of speaking or writing formally and effectively especially as a way to persuade or influence people. - etoryka, sztuka wymowy 开始学习
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A claim supported by reasons and evidence. 开始学习
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Something that shows wether something else exists or is true. 开始学习
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An often plausible argument using false or invalid information - błędne przekonanie, błędne rozumowanie 开始学习
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Act of causing people to do or believe in something. 开始学习
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An opinion, attitude or judgement. 开始学习
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A discussion took place about the colour of the receptionist's shoes - much ado about nothing!
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dyskutować o czymś, czego nie można zmienić 开始学习
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The final choice was made yesterday, so don't argue the toss now!
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All hell broke loose when it was announced that the plant was going to close down.
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zejść z kogoś, dać mu spokój 开始学习
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Liz, please, get off my back! You've been making comments about my work all morning!
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określić sporne kwestie w konflikcie This expression is used to say that opposing groups are ready to defend the reason behind the conflict. 开始学习
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The battle lines have been drawn between those who accept the changes and those who are against the proposed reforms.
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A conflict, argument or struggle where both sides are determined to win is described as a battle of wills. 开始学习
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When they separated, neither party would make concessions - it was a battle of wills.
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spotkanie mające na celu znalezienie winnych porażki (np. nieudanej kampanii, przegranego przetargu) 开始学习
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A blamestorming session took place following the unfavourable reviews in the press.
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The salaries have been agreed on, but opening on Sundays is still a bone of contention.
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mieć z kimś do pomówienia 开始学习
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have a bone to pick with somebody Mark wants to see the boss. He says he's got a bone to pick with him.
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cieszyć się czyjąś dobrą/złą opinią 开始学习
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be in somebody's good/bad books I'm in my wife's bad books at the moment because I forgot our wedding anniversary.
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I didn't agree with my colleague's decision, but for the sake of peace, I decided to bury the hatchet.
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zmusić kogoś do odkrycia kart If you call someone's bluff, you challenge them to do what they threaten to do (while believing that they will not dare to do it). 开始学习
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After the neighbour's threats to demolish the fence, when Jack decided to call his bluff, there were no more complaints.
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walczyć ze sobą jak pies z kotem 开始学习
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They fight like cat and dog but they're still together after 30 years.
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nieustannie się kłócić (o rodzice) A life in which partners are constantly or frequently quarrelling is called a cat-and-dog life. 开始学习
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They lead a cat-and-dog life. I don't know why they stay together.
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znaleźć się na linii ognia, zostać złapanym w krzyżowy ogień If you are caught in the crossfire, you suffer the effects of an argument or dispute between two people or groups. 开始学习
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be caught in the crossfire When the two taxi drivers started to argue, their passengers were caught in the crossfire.
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oczyścić atmosferę, wyjaśnić sytuację If you decide to clear the air, you try to remove the causes of fear, worry or suspicion by talking about the problem openly. 开始学习
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The atmosphere had become so unpleasant that he decided it was time to clear the air.
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być zdecydowanie przeciwnym czemuś Be strongly opposed to something. 开始学习
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be dead set against something My father wanted a dog, but my mother was dead set against the idea.
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She decided to play devil's advocate just to see how strongly people felt about the project.
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capital punishment/death penalty
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sentence somebody to something
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grupa skazańców skuta łańcuchem (np. gdy pracują na zewnątrz więzienia) 开始学习
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