Słowa na C-27

crew /kru:; US / noun [countable, with sing. or pl. verb] 1 all the people who work on a ship, aircraft, etc. ▶ załoga ⇨ note at boat 2 a group of people who work together a camera crew ▶ ekipa zespół

crick /krɪk; US / noun [sing.] a pain in your neck, back, etc. that makes it difficult for you to move easily ▶ kurcz zdrętwienie □ crick verb [transitive] I’ve cricked my neck. Mam bolesny kurcz w karku ▶ chwytać

1 [uncountable] ▶ krykiet In cricket the bowler bowls the ball to the batsman who tries to hit it with a bat and then score a run by running from one end of the pitch to the other.

1[uncountable] illegal behaviour or activities There has been an increase in car crime recently. to lead a life of crime to fight crime crime prevention measures ▶ przestępstwo zbrodnia

1[only before a noun] connected with crime Deliberate damage to public property is a criminal offence. criminal law ▶ przestępczy karny 2 morally wrong a criminal waste of taxpayers’ money ▶ skandaliczny karygodny

criminal2 /ˈkrɪmɪnl; US / noun [countable] a person who has done sth illegal ▶ przestęp-ca/czyni zbrodnia-rz/rka

2 to treat sb as a criminal Many gay people felt that they were being criminalized for having relationships. ▶ traktować kogoś jak przestępcę

criminalize (also criminalise) /ˈkrɪmɪnəlaɪz; US / verb [transitive] 1 to make sth illegal by passing a new law The use of opium was not criminalized until fairly recently. ▶ uznawać coś za niezgodne z prawem przez wprowadzenie nowych przepisów

□ criminally /-nəli; US / adv. criminally insane Not a single officer has been found criminally liable. Żadnego z policjantów nie pociągnięto do odpowiedzialności karnej. ▶ kryminalnie karygodnie

crimson /ˈkrɪmzn; US / adj. of a dark red colour ▶ karmazynowy ⇨ look at maroon, scarlet □ crimson noun [uncountable] ▶ karmazyn

cringe /krɪndʒ; US / verb [intransitive] 1 to move away from sb/sth because you are frightened The dog cringed in terror when the man raised his arm. ▶ kurczyć się kulić się

crinkle (sth) (up) to have, or to make sth have, thin folds or lines in it He crinkled the silver paper up into a ball. ▶ miąć (się) marszczyć (się) fałdować (się) □ crinkly /ˈkrɪŋkli; US / adj. crinkly material ▶ marszczony pofałdowany

cripple1 /ˈkrɪpl; US / verb [transitive] 1 to damage sb’s body so that they are no longer able to walk or move normally ▶ okaleczać  SYNONYM  disable

crippling /ˈkrɪplɪŋ; US / adj. that causes very great damage or has a very bad effect They had crippling debts and had to sell their house. ▶ paraliżujący ciężki

crisis /ˈkraɪsɪs; US / noun [countable, uncountable] (pl. crises /-si: z; US /) a time of great danger or difficulty; the moment when things change and either improve or get worse

1 pleasantly hard and dry Store the biscuits in a tin to keep them crisp. ▶ chrupiący świeży kruchy

crisp2 /krɪsp; US / (Brit. also poˌtato ˈcrisp; US chip; poˈtato chip) noun [countable] a packet of crisps ▶ chips czips

crispbread /ˈkrɪspbred; US / noun [countable, uncountable] a thin crisp biscuit that is usually made from rye and often eaten with cheese ▶ pieczywo chrupkie

criss-cross /ˈkrɪs krɒs; US / adj. [only before a noun] with many straight lines that cross over each other a criss-cross pattern ▶ zygzakowaty krzyżujący się

criterion /kraɪˈtɪəriən; US / noun [countable] (pl. criteria /-riə; US /) the standard that you use when you make a decision or form an opinion about sb/sth What are the criteria for deciding who gets a place on the course? ▶ kryterium

critic /ˈkrɪtɪk; US / noun [countable] 1 a person whose job is to give their opinion about a play, film, book, work of art, etc. a film/restaurant/art critic ▶ krytyk

4[only before a noun] describing the good and bad points of a play, film, book, work of art, etc. a critical guide to this month’s new films ▶ krytyczny

critical (of sb/sth) saying what is wrong with sb/sth The report was very critical of safety standards on the railways. They made some critical remarks about our house. ▶ krytyczny (np. o uwadze lub w odniesieniu do kogoś/czegoś)

□ critically /-kli; US / adv. a critically ill patient pacjent w stanie krytycznym It was a critically important (rozstrzygająca) decision. ▶ krytycznie poważnie

1[countable, uncountable] (an expression of) what you think is bad about sb/sth The council has come in for severe criticism (jest ostro krytykowany) over the plans. My main criticism (głównym zarzutem) is that it is too expensive. ▶ krytyka

criticize (also criticise) /ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz; US / verb [intransitive, transitive] criticize (sb/sth) (for sth) to say what is bad or wrong with sb/sth The doctor was criticized for not sending the patient to hospital. Stop criticizing! ▶ krytykować

croak /krəʊk; US / verb [intransitive] to make a rough low sound like a frog ‘ I’ve got a really sore throat’, croaked Bill. ▶ chrypieć □ croak noun [countable] ▶ rechot chrypka

crockery /ˈkrɒkəri; US / noun [uncountable] cups, plates and dishes ▶ porcelana (stołowa i kuchenna) naczynia ⇨ look at cutlery

crocodile /ˈkrɒkədaɪl; US / noun [countable] a large animal with a hard skin covered in scales, a long tail and a big mouth with sharp teeth. Crocodiles live in rivers and lakes in hot countries. ▶ krokodyl

crocus /ˈkrəʊkəs; US / noun [countable] a small yellow, purple or white flower that grows in early spring ▶ krokus

croissant /ˈkrwæsɒ͂; US krwɑ:ˈsɑ͂:; krəˈsɑ: nt / noun [countable] a type of bread roll, shaped in a curve, that is often eaten with butter for breakfast ▶ rogalik

crooked /ˈkrʊkɪd; US / adj. 1 not straight or even That picture is crooked. crooked teeth ▶ krzywy zagięty 2(informal) not honest a crooked accountant ▶ nieuczciwy sprzedajny

[countable, usually pl.] plants that are grown on farms for food Rice and soya beans are the main crops here. ▶ zboże i inne uprawy 2 [countable] the grain, fruit, vegetables, etc. of one type that are grown on a farm at one time a crop of apples

1 [transitive] to cut sth very short cropped hair ▶ strzyc na krótko obcinać bardzo krótko 2[intransitive] to produce a crop1 (2) ▶ dawać plony

3[usually sing.] a cross (between A and B) something (especially a plant or an animal) that is a mixture of two different types of thing a fruit which is a cross between a peach and an apple Our dog is a labrador cross. ▶ krzyżówka skrzyżowanie

1[countable] a mark (✗). The sign is used for showing the position of sth, for showing that sth is not correct, etc. I drew a cross on the map to show where our house is. Incorrect answers were marked with a cross. ▶ krzyżyk

[intransitive, transitive] cross (over) (from sth/to sth) to cross the road You can’t cross here, there’s too much traffic. Where did you cross the border? We crossed from Dover to Calais. I waved and she crossed over. ▶ przechodzić przejeżdżać

to put sth across or over sth else to cross your arms ▶ zakładać (np. nogę na noge) 4[transitive] to make sb angry by refusing to do what they want you to do He’s an important man. It could be dangerous to cross him. ▶ sprzeciwiać się komuś

cross sth off (sth) to remove sth from a list, etc. by drawing a line through it Cross Dave’s name off the guest list – he can’t come. ▶ skreślać coś z czegoś wykreślać coś

to draw a line through sth that you have written because you have made a mistake, etc. to cross out a spelling mistake ▶ skreślać (np. z listy) przekreślać coś

crossbar /ˈkrɒsbɑ:(r); US / noun [countable] 1 the piece of wood over the top of a goal in football, etc. ▶ poprzeczka 2 the metal bar that joins the front and back of a bicycle ▶ rama

ˌcross-eˈxamine verb [transitive] to ask sb questions in a court of law, etc. in order to find out the truth about sth The witness was cross-examined for an hour. ▶ przesłuchiwać brać w krzyżowy ogień pytań

ˈcross-eyed adj. having one or both your eyes looking towards your nose ▶ zezowaty

crossfire /ˈkrɒsfaɪə(r); US / noun [uncountable] a situation in which guns are being fired from two or more different directions

crossing /ˈkrɒsɪŋ; US / noun [countable] 1 a place where you can cross over sth You should cross the road at the pedestrian crossing. a border crossing ▶ przejście

cross-legged /ˌkrɒs ˈleɡd; -ˈleɡɪd; US / adv., adj. sitting on the floor with your legs pulled up in front of you and with one leg or foot over the other to sit cross-legged the cross-legged figure of the Hindu god ▶ (siedzieć) po turecku

be/talk at cross purposes (used about more than one person) to be confused because you are talking about different things but think you are talking about the same thing I think we’ve been talking at cross purposes (nie rozumiemy się).

ˌcross ˈreference noun [countable] a note in a book that tells you to look in another place in the book for more information ▶ odnośnik odsyłacz

noun [countable] (pl. crossroads) a place where two or more roads cross each other When you come to the next crossroads turn right. When Karen finished university, she realized she was at an important crossroads in her life. ▶ skrzyżowanie rozstajne

ˈcross section noun [countable] 1 a picture of what the inside of sth would look like if you cut through it a cross section of the human brain a diagram of a blood cell in cross section ▶ przekrój

peˌdestrian ˈcrossing (US crosswalk /ˈkrɒswɔ: k; US /) noun [countable] a place for pedestrians to cross the road ▶ przejście dla pieszych ⇨ look at zebra crossing

crossword /ˈkrɒswɜ: d; US / (also ˈcrossword puzzle) noun [countable] a word game in which you have to write the answers to clues in square spaces, which are arranged in a pattern Every morning I try to do the crossword in the newspaper. ▶ krzyżówka

crotch /krɒtʃ; US / (also crutch) noun [countable] the place where your legs, or the legs of a pair of trousers, join at the top ▶ krocze

verb [intransitive] crouch (down) to bend your legs and body so that you are close to the ground He crouched down behind the sofa. The cat crouched (gotował się do skoku) in front of the hole waiting for the mouse to appear. ▶ przykucać przycupnąć

noun [countable] a large black bird that makes a loud noise ▶ wrona  IDIOMS  as the crow flies (used for describing distances) in a straight line It’s a kilometre as the crow flies but three kilometres by road. ▶ w linii powietrznej

crowbar /ˈkrəʊbɑ:(r); US / noun [countable] a long iron bar that is used for forcing sth open ▶ łom

1[countable, with sing. or pl. verb] a large number of people in one place The crowd was/were extremely noisy. A large crowd gathered to hear the President speak. He pushed his way through the crowd.

crowd2 /kraʊd; US / verb [transitive] (used about a lot of people) to fill an area Groups of tourists crowded the main streets. • (figurative) Memories crowded her mind. ▶ wypełniać przepełniać

crowd around/round (sb) (used about a lot of people) to stand in a large group around sb/sth Fans crowded round the singer hoping to get his autograph. ▶ tłoczyć się wokół (kogoś)

crowd into sth; crowd in to go into a small place and make it very full Somehow we all crowded into their small living room. ▶ wciskać/wpychać się dokądś

crowd sb/sth into sth; crowd sb/sth in to put a lot of people into a small place Ten prisoners were crowded into one small cell. ▶ wciskać/wpychać kogoś/coś dokądś/w coś

crowd sth out; crowd sb out (of sth) to completely fill a place so that nobody else can enter Students crowd out the cafe at lunchtimes. Smaller companies are being crowded out (są wypierane) of the market. ▶ zapełniać coś kimś

crowded /ˈkraʊdɪd; US / adj. full of people The town was crowded with (było pełne) Christmas shoppers. a crowded bus people living in poor and crowded conditions ▶ zatłoczony przeludniony

1 [countable] a circle made of gold and jewels, that a king or queen wears on his or her head on official occasions the crown jewels klejnoty koronne ▶ korona

1 to put a crown on the head of a new king or queen in an official ceremony Elizabeth was crowned in 1952. • (figurative) the newly crowned British champion ▶ koronować

crucial (to/for sth) extremely important Early diagnosis of the illness is crucial for successful treatment. ▶ decydujący przełomowy niezbędny □ crucially /-ʃəli; US / adv. a crucially important decision/meeting ▶ decydująco przełomowo

crucible /ˈkru: sɪbl; US / noun [countable] a pot in which substances are heated to high temperatures, metals are melted, etc. ▶ tygiel

crucifix /ˈkru: səfɪks; US / noun [countable] a small model of a cross with a figure of Jesus on it ▶ krucyfiks

crucifixion /ˌkru: səˈfɪkʃn; US / noun [countable, uncountable] the act of crucifying sb the Crucifixion of Christ ▶ ukrzyżowanie

crucify /ˈkru: sɪfaɪ; US / verb [transitive] (crucifying; crucifies; past tense, past participle crucified) to kill sb by fastening them to a cross ▶ ukrzyżować

simple and basic, without much detail, skill, etc. The method was crude but very effective. She explained how the system worked in crude terms. The paintings seem to be crude representations (niezdarnym wizerunkiem) of animals. ▶ prymitywny toporny

crudely /; US / adv. a crudely drawn face ▶ prymitywnie niedelikatnie z grubsza

causing physical or mental pain or suffering to sb/sth I think it’s cruel to keep animals in cages. cruel words a cruel punishment Losing his job was a cruel blow. ▶ okrutny srogi  OPPOSITE  kind

1[uncountable] cruelty (to sb/sth) cruel behaviour cruelty to children ▶ okrucieństwo (wobec kogoś)  OPPOSITE  kindness 2[countable, usually pl.] a cruel act the cruelties of war ▶ okrucieństwo okropność

cruise1 /kru: z; US / noun [countable] a holiday in which you travel on a ship and visit a number of different places They’re planning to go on a cruise. ▶ rejs wycieczka morska ⇨ note at journey, holiday

verb [intransitive] 1 to travel by boat, visiting a number of places, as a holiday to cruise around the Caribbean ▶ żeglować 2 to stay at the same speed in a car, plane, etc. cruising at 80 kilometres an hour ▶ jechać z jednakową prędkością krążyć

cruiser /ˈkru: zə(r); US / noun [countable] 1 a large fast ship used in a war ▶ krążownik 2 a motorboat which has room for people to sleep in it ▶ łódź motorowa z kabiną

crumb /krʌm; US / noun [countable] a very small piece of bread, cake or biscuit It’s hard to eat a sandwich without dropping crumbs on the floor. ▶ okruch okruszyna

crumble /ˈkrʌmbl; US / verb [intransitive, transitive] crumble (sth) (up) to break or make sth break into very small pieces We crumbled up the bread and threw it to the birds. Support for the government is beginning to crumble. ▶ kruszyć (się)

crummy /ˈkrʌmi; US / adj. (crummier; crummiest) bad or unpleasant ▶ lichy tandetny

crumple /ˈkrʌmpl [intransitive, transitive] crumple (sth) (into sth); crumple (sth) (up) to be pressed or to press sth into an untidy shape The front of the car crumpled when it hit the wall. She crumpled the letter into a ball and threw it away.

crunch1 /krʌntʃ; US / noun [sing.] an act or noise of crunching There was a loud crunch as he sat on the box of eggs. ▶ chrzęst skrzypienie

[transitive] crunch sth (up) to make a loud noise when you are eating sth hard to crunch an apple ▶ chrupać

crusade /kru:ˈseɪd; US / noun [countable] 1 a fight for sth that you believe to be good or against sth that you believe to be bad Mr Khan is leading a crusade against drugs in his neighbourhood. ▶ krucjata  SYNONYM  campaign

1 to press sb/sth hard so that he/she/it is broken, damaged or injured Most of the eggs got crushed when she sat on them. He was crushed to death by a lorry. ▶ gnieść miażdżyć

crush2 /krʌʃ; US / noun 1 [sing.] a large group of people in a small space There was such a crush that I couldn’t get near the bar. ▶ tłok ścisk

crushing /ˈkrʌʃɪŋ; US / adj. [only before a noun] that defeats sb/sth completely; very bad a crushing defeat a crushing blow to the country’s economy ▶ druzgocący miażdżący

crust /krʌst; US / noun [countable, uncountable] 1 the hard part on the outside of a piece of bread, a pie, etc. ▶ skórka 2 a hard layer on the outside of sth the earth’s crust ▶ skorupa

crutch /krʌtʃ; US / noun [countable] 1 a type of stick that you put under your arm to help you walk when you have hurt your leg or foot She was on crutches for two months after she broke her ankle. ▶ kula ⇨ look at walking stick

to make a noise and produce tears in your eyes, for example because you are unhappy or have hurt yourself The baby never stops crying. The child was crying for her mother. They were crying with cold and hunger (z zimna i głodu). ▶ płakać

1[countable] a shout or loud high noise the cries of the children in the playground the cry of a seagull We heard Adam give a cry of pain as the dog bit him. • (figurative) Her suicide attempt was really a cry for help (wołaniem o pomoc). ▶ krzyk

adj. [only before a noun] (used to talk about a bad situation) very great There’s a crying need for more doctors. It’s a crying shame (wielka szkoda) that so many young people can’t find jobs. ▶ krzyczący pilny naglący

crypt /krɪpt; US / noun [countable] a room that is under a church, where people were sometimes buried in the past ▶ krypta

cryptic /ˈkrɪptɪk; US / adj. having a hidden meaning that is not easy to understand a cryptic message/remark/smile ▶ tajemniczy zagadkowy tajny

crystal /ˈkrɪstl; US / noun 1 [countable] a regular shape that some mineral substances form when they become solid salt crystals ▶ kryształ

ˌcrystal ˈball noun [countable] a glass ball in which some people say you can see what will happen in the future ▶ kryształowa kula

ˌcrystal ˈclear adj. 1 (used about water, glass, etc.) that you can see through perfectly ▶ krystalicznie czysty 2 very easy to understand The meaning is crystal clear. ▶ jasny jak słońce

crystallize verb [intransitive, transitive] 1 (used about thoughts, plans, etc.) to become or to make clear and fixed Our ideas began to crystallize into a definite plan. The final chapter crystallizes all the main issues. ▶ (przen.) krystalizować się

1 [countable] a young animal, for example a bear, lion, etc. ▶ młode lisa/niedźwiedzia/lwa/tygrysa/wilka ⇨ note at fox

1 a solid shape that has six equal square sides ▶ sześcian 2 the number that you get if you multiply a number by itself twice The cube of 5 is 125 ( =  5 x 5 x 5). The cube root (pierwiastek trzeciego stopnia) of 64 is 4. ▶ trzecia potęga

cube2 /kju: b; US / verb [transitive, usually passive] to multiply a number by itself twice Four cubed is 64 ( = 4 x 4 x 4). ▶ podnosić do trzeciej potęgi podnosić do sześcianu

cubic /ˈkju: bɪk; US / adj. [only before a noun] (abbr.cu.) (used to show that a measurement is the volume of sth, that is the height multiplied by the length and the width)

cuckoo /ˈkʊku:; US / noun [countable] (pl. cuckoos) a bird which makes a sound like its name and which leaves its eggs in another bird’s nest ▶ kukułka

cucumber /ˈkju: kʌmbə(r); US / noun [countable, uncountable] a long, thin vegetable with a dark green skin that does not need to be cooked ▶ ogórek

1 a word or movement that is the signal for sb else to say or do sth, especially in a play When Julia puts the tray on the table, that’s your cue to come on stage. ▶ sygnał

1 the end part of a sleeve, which often fastens at the wrist ▶ mankiet 2(cuffs) [pl.] = handcuffs 3 a light hit with the open hand ▶ szturchaniec trzepnięcie

cufflink /ˈkʌflɪŋk; US / noun [countable, usually pl.] one of a pair of small objects used instead of a button to fasten a shirt sleeve together at the wrist ▶ spinka do mankietów

handcuffs /ˈhændkʌfs; US / (also cuffs) noun [pl.] a pair of metal rings that are joined together by a chain and put around the wrists of prisoners ▶ kajdanki

cuisine /kwɪˈzi: n; US / noun [uncountable] the style of cooking of a particular country, restaurant, etc. Italian cuisine ▶ kuchnia

cull2 /kʌl; US / noun [countable] the act of killing some animals in order to stop a group becoming too large a deer cull ▶ odstrzał/ubój selektywny

culminate /ˈkʌlmɪneɪt; US / verb [intransitive] (formal) culminate in sth to reach a final result The team’s efforts culminated in victory (doprowadziły do zwycięstwa) in the national championships. ▶ osiągnąć szczyt w czymś kończyć się czymś

culprit /ˈkʌlprɪt; US / noun [countable] a person who has done sth wrong More classroom windows have been broken and the head is determined to find the culprits. ▶ winowaj-ca/czyni

1 a person or thing that has become popular with a particular group of people cult movies ▶ przedmiot kultu bożyszcze 2 a type of religion or religious group, especially one that is considered unusual ▶ kult

kʌltɪveɪt verb [transitive] 1 to prepare and use land for growing plants for food or to sell to cultivate the soil ▶ uprawiać 2 to grow plants for food or to sell Olives have been cultivated for centuries in Mediterranean countries. ▶ uprawiać

□ cultivation /ˌkʌltɪˈveɪʃn; US / noun [uncountable] ▶ uprawa pielęgnowanie zaskarbianie sobie względów

cultivated /ˈkʌltɪveɪtɪd; US / adj. 1 well educated, with good manners ▶ kulturalny 2 (used about land) used for growing plants for food or to sell ▶ uprawny 3 (used about plants) grown on a farm, not wild ▶ uprawny

cultural /ˈkʌltʃərəl; US / adj. 1 connected with the customs, ideas, beliefs, etc. of a society or country cultural differences The country’s cultural diversity is a result of taking in immigrants from all over the world. ▶ kulturowy

1[countable, uncountable] the customs, ideas, beliefs, etc. of a particular society, country, etc. the language and culture of the Aztecs people from many different cultures ▶ kultura

ˈculture shock noun [uncountable] a feeling of confusion, etc. that you may have when you go to live in or visit a country that is very different from your own ▶ szok kulturowy

cumbersome /ˈkʌmbəsəm; US / adj. 1 heavy and difficult to carry, use, wear, etc. ▶ nieporęczny niewygodny 2 (used about a system, etc.) slow and complicated cumbersome legal procedures ▶ uciążliwy

cumin /ˈkɒmɪn; US / noun [uncountable] the dried seeds of the cumin plant, used in cooking as a spice ▶ kmin(ek) ⇨ look at caraway

cumulative /ˈkju: mjələtɪv; US -leɪt- / adj. increasing steadily in amount, degree, etc. a cumulative effect ▶ kumulacyjny narastający

used for drinking liquids a cup and saucer a teacup a cup of coffee ▶ filiżanka kielich

cup2 /kʌp; US / verb [transitive] (cupping; cupped) to form sth, especially your hands, into the shape of a cup; to hold sth with your hands shaped like a cup I cupped my hands to take a drink from the stream.

cupboard /ˈkʌbəd; US / noun [countable] a piece of furniture, usually with shelves inside and a door or doors at the front, used for storing food, clothes, etc. a kitchen cupboard built-in cupboards ▶ szafa