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1(a) conflict with sb/sth (over sth) a fight or an argument an armed conflict konflikt zbrojny The new laws have brought the Government into conflict with the unions over pay increases. ▶ konflikt walka

verb [intransitive] A and B conflict; A conflicts with B to disagree with or be different from sb/sth The statements of the two witnesses conflict. John’s statement conflicts with yours. conflicting results ▶ być sprzecznym kolidować

conform (to sth) 1 to behave in the way that other people and society expect you to behave Children are under a lot of pressure to conform when they first start school. ▶ odpowiadać (np. normom, wymaganiom)

conformist /kənˈfɔ: mɪst; US / noun [countable] a person who behaves in the way that people are expected to behave by society ▶ konformista

1confront sth; confront sb with sb/sth to think about, or to make sb think about, sth that is difficult or unpleasant to confront a problem/issue When the police confronted him with the evidence, he confessed. ▶ stawać wobec problemu, stawiać czoło

confrontation /ˌkɒnfrʌnˈteɪʃn; US -frən- / noun [countable, uncountable] a fight or an argument ▶ konfrontacja

confrontational /ˌkɒnfrʌnˈteɪʃnl; US -frən- / adj. tending to deal with people in an aggressive way that is likely to cause arguments, rather than discussing things with them ▶ konfrontacyjny

1 to make sb unable to think clearly or to know what to do He confused everybody with his pages of facts and figures. I’m a bit confused (nie całkiem rozumiem). Could you explain that again? ▶ mieszać (komuś) w głowie wikłać

1 not able to think clearly When he regained consciousness he was dazed and confused (nie mógł zebrać myśli). ▶ zmieszany zakłopotany 2 difficult to understand The article is very confused – I don’t know what the main point is. ▶ pogmatwany, poplątany

confusing /kənˈfju: zɪŋ; US / adj. difficult to understand Her instructions were contradictory and confusing. ▶ niejasny mylący

1 the state of not being able to think clearly or not understanding sth He stared in confusion at the exam paper. There is still a great deal of confusion as to the true facts. ▶ zamieszanie nieporozumienie zakłopotanie

congeal /kənˈdʒi: l; US / verb [intransitive, transitive] (used about a liquid) to become solid; to make a liquid solid congealed blood ▶ krzepnąć ścinać (się) zamarzać

congenital /kənˈdʒenɪtl; US / adj. (used about a disease) beginning at and continuing since birth congenital brain damage ▶ wrodzony

so full of sth that nothing can move The streets of London are congested with traffic. ▶ zatłoczony przeciążony □ congestion /kənˈdʒestʃən; US / noun [uncountable] severe traffic congestion ▶ zatłoczenie przeciążenie

conglomerate /kənˈɡlɒmərət; US / noun [countable] a large firm made up of several different companies ▶ konglomerat

verb [transitive] congratulate sb (on sth) to tell sb that you are pleased about sth they have done Colin congratulated Sue on passing her driving test. They sent a card to congratulate the couple on their engagement. ▶ gratulować

(used for telling sb that you are pleased about sth they have done) Congratulations (gratulacje z okazji) on the birth of your baby boy! Congratulations! Your painting has won first prize. ▶ gratulacje

congregate /ˈkɒŋɡrɪɡeɪt; US / verb [intransitive] to come together in a crowd or group ▶ gromadzić się, zbierać się

1 a large formal meeting or series of meetings a medical congress When is the Trades Union Congress held? ▶ kongres zjazd

a member of Congress in the US, especially the House of Representatives ▶ kongresman

conical /ˈkɒnɪkl; US / adj. having a round base and getting narrower towards a point at the top ▶ stożkowy stożkowaty ⇨ noun cone

conifer /ˈkɒnɪfə(r); ˈkəʊn-; US / noun [countable] a tree with needles that stays green all through the year and that has cones ▶ drzewo iglaste □ coniferous /kəˈnɪfərəs; US / adj. ▶ iglasty szpilkowy

conjunction /kənˈdʒʌŋkʃn; US / noun [countable] a word that is used for joining other words, phrases or sentences ‘ And’, ‘ but’ and ‘ or’ are conjunctions. ▶ spójnik

The tunnels connect (up) ten metres further on. This pipe connects with the main drain outside the house. The plumber hasn’t connected the shower up yet. ▶ łączyć (się) z czymś podłączać do czegoś

There is a clear connection between crime and alcoholism. Is there any connection between the two organizations? What’s your connection with Brazil? Have you worked there? I’m having problems with my Internet connection. ▶ związek połączenie

in connection with sb/sth (formal) about or concerning I am writing to you in connection with your application. ▶ w związku z kimś/czymś w sprawie kogoś/czegoś in this/that connection (formal) about or concerning this/that ▶ w związku z tym

connive at sth ▶ tolerować patrzeć przez palce przyzwalać na coś pobłażać 2connive (with sb) (to do sth) to work together with sb to do sth that is wrong The two parties connived to get rid of the president. ▶ współdziałać (np. w zbrodni)

conniving /; US / adj. behaving in a way that secretly hurts others or deliberately fails to prevent others from being hurt ▶ potajemnie sprawiający komuś przykrość lub przyzwalający na sprawienie komuś przykrości

connoisseur /ˌkɒnəˈsɜ:(r); US; -ˈsʊr / noun [countable] a person who knows a lot about art, good food, wine, music, etc. a connoisseur of modern art ▶ koneser/ka znaw-ca/czyni

connotation /ˌkɒnəˈteɪʃn; US / noun [countable] an idea expressed by a word in addition to its main meaning ‘ Spinster’ means a single woman but it has negative connotations. ▶ zabarwienie konotacja

1 to take control of a country or city and its people by force, especially in a war Napoleon’s ambition was to conquer Europe. • (figurative) The young singer conquered the hearts of audiences all over the world. ▶ podbić zdobyć

conqueror /ˈkɒŋkərə(r); US / noun [countable] a person who has conquered (1) sth ▶ zdobyw-ca/czyni

[countable, uncountable] an act of conquering sth the Norman conquest (of England in 1066) the conquest of Mount Everest romantic conquests podboje sercowe ▶ podbój 2[countable] an area of land that has been taken in a war ▶ podbity obszar

conscience /ˈkɒnʃəns; US / noun [countable, uncountable] the part of your mind that tells you if what you are doing is right or wrong a clear/a guilty conscience ▶ sumienie

have sth on your conscience to feel guilty because you have done sth wrong ▶ mieć coś na sumieniu

conscientious /ˌkɒnʃiˈenʃəs; US / adj. (used about people) careful to do sth correctly and well He’s a conscientious worker. ▶ skrupulatny sumienny □ conscientiously /; US / adv. ▶ skrupulatnie sumiennie

□ conscientiously /; US / adv. ▶ skrupulatnie sumiennie

1[not before a noun] conscious (of sth/that...) noticing or realizing that sth exists She didn’t seem conscious of the danger. Bill suddenly became conscious that someone was following him. Young people today are very fashion-conscious. ▶ świadomy

□ consciously /; US / adv. I have never consciously harmed another human being. ▶ świadomie

consciousness /ˈkɒnʃəsnəs; US / noun 1 [uncountable] the state of being able to see, hear, feel, etc. As he fell, he hit his head and lost consciousness. She regained consciousness after two weeks in a coma. ▶ przytomność

conscript1 /kənˈskrɪpt; US / verb [transitive] to make sb join the army, navy or air force When war broke out all the young men were conscripted. ▶ powoływać do wojska □ conscription /; US / noun [uncountable] ▶ pobór (do wojska)

conscript2 /ˈkɒnskrɪpt; US / noun [countable] a person who has been conscripted ▶ poborowy rekrut

consecrate /ˈkɒnsɪkreɪt; US / verb [transitive] to state formally in a special ceremony that a place or an object can be used for religious purposes The Bishop consecrated the new church. ▶ święcić konsekrować

consecutive /kənˈsekjətɪv; US / adj. coming or happening one after the other This is the team’s fourth consecutive win. ▶ kolejny z rzędu □ consecutively /; US / adv. ▶ kolejno z rzędu po kolei

[sing., uncountable] (a) consensus (among/between sb) (on/about sth) agreement among a group of people to reach a consensus There is no consensus among experts about the causes of global warming. ▶ jednomyślność zgoda porozumienie

1 [countable] something that happens or follows as a result of sth else Many people may lose their jobs as a consequence of recent poor sales. The error had tragic consequences. ▶ następstwo skutek konsekwencja rezultat

consequent /ˈkɒnsɪkwənt; US / adj. [only before a noun] (formal) following as the result of sth else The lack of rain and consequent poor harvests have led to food shortages. ▶ wynikający następujący

conservation /ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃn; US / noun [uncountable] 1 the protection of the natural world Conservation groups are protesting against the plan to build a road through the forest. ▶ ochrona środowiska konserwacja

conservatism /kənˈsɜ: vətɪzəm; US / noun [uncountable] 1 the disapproval of new ideas and change ▶ konserwatyzm 2(usually Conservatism) the beliefs of the Conservative Party ▶ konserwatyzm

1 (Conservative) connected with the British Conservative Party Conservative voters ▶ dot. Partii Konserwatywnej 2 not liking change; traditional He has very conservative tastes. ▶ konserwatywny

conservative2 /kənˈsɜ: vətɪv; US / noun [countable] 1 a person who does not like change ▶ konserwatyst(k)a 2(usually Conservative) (abbr. Con) a member of the British Conservative Party ▶ człon-ek/kini Partii Konserwatywnej

conservatory /kənˈsɜ: vətri; US -tɔ: ri / noun [countable] (pl. conservatories) a room with a glass roof and walls often built onto the outside of a house ▶ szklarnia cieplarnia

1 to use as little of sth as possible so that it lasts a long time to conserve water You should conserve your energy as we’ve still a long way to walk. ▶ oszczędzać

2consider sb/sth (as/to be) sth; consider that... to think about sb/sth in a particular way He considered the risk (to be) too great. He considered that the risk was too great. Jane considers herself an expert on the subject. ▶ sądzić, że

1consider sb/sth (for/as sth); consider doing sth to think about sth carefully, often before making a decision We’re considering going to Spain for our holidays. We must consider the matter carefully before we make our choice.

great in amount or size We had considerable difficulty in getting tickets A considerable number of people preferred the old building to the new one. We had considerable difficulty in getting tickets for the flights we wanted. ▶ znaczny niemały

uprzejmy liczący się z innymi delikatny troskliwy uważający

considerate (of sb) (to do sth); considerate (towards sb) careful not to upset people; thinking of others It was very considerate of you (ładnie z twojej strony) to offer to drive me home. She is always considerate towards her employees. ▶ uprzejmy

(formal) an act of thinking about sth carefully or for a long time I have given some consideration to the idea but I don’t think it would work. After careful consideration, we regret that we cannot offer you the position. ▶ namysł rozwaga uwaga

take sth into consideration to think about sth when you are forming an opinion or making a decision ▶ brać coś pod uwagę

(used for introducing a surprising fact) when you think about or remember sth He coped with the long journey well, considering his age. Considering you’ve only been studying for a year, you speak English very well. ▶ zważywszy (na coś)

consignment /kənˈsaɪnmənt; US / noun [countable] 1 goods that are being sent to sb/sth ▶ przesyłka 2 a quantity of goods that are sent or delivered somewhere a new consignment of books ▶ dostawa wysyłka (towaru)

consist in sth to have sth as its main point Her job consisted in welcoming the guests as they arrived. ▶ polegać na czymś

consist of sth to be formed or made up of sth Pastry consists of flour, fat and water. The band consists of a singer, two guitarists and a drummer. ▶ składać się z czegoś

1[uncountable] the quality of always having the same standard, opinions, behaviour, etc. Your work lacks consistency. ▶ konsekwencja zgodność  OPPOSITE  inconsistency

always having the same opinions, standard, behaviour, etc.; not changing You must be consistent. If you punish Peter, you must punish Paul for doing the same thing. ▶ konsekwentny

to become or to make sth firmer or stronger We’re going to consolidate what we’ve learnt so far by doing some revision exercises today. ▶ konsolidować (się) wzmacniać (się) utrwalać (się)

consortium /kənˈsɔ: tiəm; US / noun [countable] (pl. consortiums or consortia /-tiə; US /) a group of companies that work closely together for a particular purpose ▶ konsorcjum

conspicuous /kənˈspɪkjuəs; US / adj. easily seen or noticed As a tall, blond American he was very conspicuous in China. ▶ rzucający się w oczy zwracający uwagę widoczny  OPPOSITE  inconspicuous

a secret plan by a group of people to do sth bad or illegal a conspiracy against the president ▶ spisek konspiracja 2 planning sth, especially a crime, together with other people They were accused of conspiracy to murder. ▶ zbrodnicze knowania spisek

1conspire (with sb) (to do sth) to plan to do sth bad or illegal with a group of people A group of terrorists were conspiring to blow up the plane. ▶ spiskować konspirować knuć

constant /ˈkɒnstənt; US / adj. 1 happening or existing all the time or again and again The constant noise gave me a headache. There were constant interruptions (ciągle nam przeszkadzano) so we didn’t get the work finished. ▶ ciągły nieustanny

constantly /ˈkɒnstəntli; US / adv. always; again and again The situation is constantly changing. ▶ ciągle stale

constellation /ˌkɒnstəˈleɪʃn; US / noun [countable] a group of stars that forms a pattern and has a name ▶ gwiazdozbiór

consternation /ˌkɒnstəˈneɪʃn; US / noun [uncountable] a feeling of shock or worry We stared at each other in consternation. ▶ konsternacja

constitute /ˈkɒnstɪtju: t/ verb [transitive] [not used in the continuous tenses] (formal) 1 to be considered as sth; to be equal to sth The presence of the troops constitutes a threat to peace. ▶

1 [countable] the basic laws or rules of a country or organization the United States constitution ▶ konstytucja 2[uncountable] the way the parts of sth are put together; the structure of sth the constitution of DNA ▶ skład układ

constitutional /ˌkɒnstɪˈtju:ʃənl; US -təˈtu:- / adj. connected with or allowed by the constitution of a country, etc. constitutional reform It is not constitutional to imprison a person without trial. ▶ konstytucyjny

constrain /kənˈstreɪn; US / verb [transitive] (formal) 1constrain sb/sth (to do sth) to force sb/sth to do sth Following his mistake, the chairman felt constrained to resign. ▶ przymuszać

constraint /kənˈstreɪnt; US / noun [countable, uncountable] something that limits you; a restriction There are always some financial constraints on a project like this. ▶ ograniczenie skrępowanie

constrict /kənˈstrɪkt; US / verb [intransitive, transitive] 1 to become or make sth tighter, narrower or less She felt her throat constrict with fear. The valve constricts the flow of air. ▶ ścieśniać (się) kurczyć (się) ograniczać

construct /kənˈstrʌkt; US / verb [transitive] to build or make sth Early houses were constructed out of mud and sticks. ▶ konstruować budować Construct jest słowem bardziej formalnym niż build.

1 [uncountable] the act or method of building or making sth A new bridge is now under construction (w budowie). He works in the construction industry (w budownictwie). ▶ budowa

constructive /kənˈstrʌktɪv; US / adj. useful or helpful constructive suggestions/criticisms/advice ▶ konstruktywny twórczy □ constructively /; US / adv. ▶ konstruktywnie twórczo

consul /ˈkɒnsl; US / noun [countable] an official who works in a foreign city helping people from his or her own country who are living or visiting there the British consul in Miami ▶ konsul □ consular /ˈkɒnsjələ(r); US -səl- / adj. ▶ konsularny

[transitive] consult sb/sth (about sth) to ask sb for some information or advice, or to look for it in a book, etc. If the symptoms continue, consult your doctor. You can consult your dictionary if you’re not sure of a spelling. ▶ radzić się sprawdzać

consultancy /kənˈsʌltənsi; US / noun (pl. consultancies) 1[countable] a company that gives expert advice on a particular subject ▶ firma konsultingowa 2[uncountable] expert advice that sb is paid to provide on a particular subject ▶ konsultacja

consultant /kənˈsʌltənt; US / noun [countable] 1 a person who gives advice to people on business, law, etc. a firm of management consultants ▶ konsultant/ka dorad-ca/czyni

[uncountable] the act of discussing sth with sb or with a group of people before making a decision about it The measures were introduced without consultation. ▶ naradzanie się

1 to use sth such as fuel, energy or time This car consumes a lot of petrol. ▶ zużywać 2 to eat or drink sth Wrestlers can consume up to 10 000 calories in a day. ▶ konsumować spożywać

consumer /kənˈsju: mə(r); US -ˈsu:- / noun [countable] a person who buys things or uses services Consumers should complain if they are not satisfied with the service they receive. ▶ konsument/ka

conˈsumer goods noun [pl.] goods such as food, clothing, etc. bought by individual customers ▶ towary konsumpcyjne

consumerism /kənˈsju: mərɪzəm; US -ˈsu:- / noun [uncountable] 1 the buying and using of goods and services green consumerism ▶ (ekon.) konsumpcja towarów

consumption /kənˈsʌmpʃn; US / noun [uncountable] 1 the act of using, eating, etc. sth The meat was declared unfit for human consumption. ▶ konsumpcja spożycie

[uncountable] contact (with sb/sth) meeting, talking to sb else I’ll get in contact with you some time next week. We keep in contact with our office in New York. I can’t help you, but I’ll put you in contact with someone who can. ▶ kontakt

contact2 /ˈkɒntækt; US / verb [transitive] to telephone or write to sb Is there a phone number where I can contact you? ▶ kontaktować się z kimś łączyć się z kimś

ˈcontact lens noun [countable] a small piece of plastic that fits onto your eye to help you to see better ▶ soczewka kontaktowa

contagious /kənˈteɪdʒəs; US / adj. (used about a disease) that you can get by touching sb/sth Smallpox is a highly contagious disease. • (figurative) Her laugh is contagious. ▶ zaraźliwy zakaźny

1 to have sth inside or as part of itself Each box contains 24 tins. ▶ zawierać Czasownika contain nie używa się w czasach continuous. Natomiast często spotyka się go w present participle (formie -ing): petrol containing lead

1 a box, bottle, bag, etc. in which sth is kept a plastic container a watertight container ▶ zbiornik pojemnik opakowanie 2 a large metal box that is used for transporting goods by sea, road or rail a container lorry/ship ▶ kontener

contaminate /kənˈtæmɪneɪt; US / to add a substance which will make sth dirty or harmful The town’s drinking water was contaminated with poisonous chemicals. Children’s minds are being contaminated by violence on TV. ▶ skazić zanieczyszczać

contemplate /ˈkɒntəmpleɪt; US / verb [transitive] 1 to think carefully about sth or the possibility of doing sth The idea was too awful to contemplate. Before her illness she had never contemplated retiring. ▶ zastanawiać się nad czymś rozważać

contemplation /ˌkɒntəmˈpleɪʃn; US / noun [uncountable] 1 thinking deeply about sth ▶ rozmyślanie medytacja kontemplacja 2 looking at sth quietly ▶ przypatrywanie się kontemplacja

1 belonging to the same time as sb/sth else The programme includes contemporary film footage of the First World War. ▶ współczesny ówczesny 2 of the present time contemporary music/art/society ▶ współczesny dzisiejszy  SYNONYM  modern

contempt /kənˈtempt; US / noun [uncountable] contempt (for sb/sth) the feeling that sb/sth does not deserve any respect or is without value Some players show contempt for the rules. The teacher treated my question with contempt. ▶ pogarda

conˌtempt of ˈcourt noun [uncountable] the crime of refusing to obey an order made by a court; not showing respect for a court or judge Any person who disregards this order will be in contempt of court ▶ niezastosowanie się do nakazu sądu obraza sądu

contemptuous (of sb/sth) feeling or showing that you have no respect for sb/sth She gave him a contemptuous look. He was contemptuous of everything I did The company has shown a contemptuous disregard for Henry’s complaints. ▶ pogardliwy wzgardliwy

contender /kənˈtendə(r); US / noun [countable] a person who may win a competition There are only two serious contenders for the leadership. ▶ zawodni-k/czka kandydat/ka pretendent/ka

1 (contents) [pl.] the thing or things that are inside sth Add the contents of this packet to a pint of cold milk and mix well. The contents page (spis treści) tells you what is inside a book. ▶ zawartość

content2 /kənˈtent; US / adj. [not before a noun] content (with sth); content to do sth happy or satisfied with what you have or do I don’t need a new car – I’m perfectly content with this one. ▶ zadowolony

contented /kənˈtentɪd; US / adj. happy or satisfied The baby gave a contented chuckle. ▶ zadowolony □ contentedly /; US / adv. The cat purred contentedly. ▶ z zadowoleniem

contest1 /ˈkɒntest; US / noun [countable] a competition to find out who is the best, strongest, most beautiful, etc. The two men had an eating contest. The by-election will be a contest (walką) between the two main parties. ▶ zawody konkurs

1 to take part in a competition or try to win sth Twenty-four teams will contest next year’s World Cup. ▶ walczyć o coś ubiegać się o coś

contestant /kənˈtestənt; US / noun [countable] a person who takes part in a contest Four contestants appear on the quiz show each week. ▶ zawodni-k/czka

the situation in which sth happens or that caused sth to happen The rise in nationalism must be seen in the context of changing attitudes in Europe. To put our company in context, we are now the third largest in the country. ▶ kontekst

1 [countable] Asia, Africa and Antarctica are continents. ▶ kontynent 2(the Continent) [sing.] (Brit.) the main part of Europe not including Britain or Ireland We’re going to spend a weekend on the Continent. ▶ Europa

(Brit.) connected with the main part of Europe not including Britain or Ireland continental holidays wakacje w Europie ▶ europejski 2 connected with or typical of a continent Moscow has a continental climate: cold winters. ▶ kontynentalny

ˌcontinental ˈbreakfast noun [countable] a breakfast of bread and jam with coffee ▶ rodzaj lekkiego śniadania europejskiego ⇨ look at English breakfast

contingency /kənˈtɪndʒənsi noun [countable] (pl. contingencies) a possible future situation or event We’d better make contingency plans (plany na ewentualność wypadku itp.) just in case something goes wrong. ▶ ewentualność nieprzewidziany wypadek

contingent /kənˈtɪndʒənt; US / noun [countable, with sing. or pl. verb] 1 a group of people from the same country, organization, etc. who are attending an event the Irish contingent at the conference ▶ delegacja

continual /kənˈtɪnjuəl; US / adj. [only before a noun] happening again and again His continual phone calls started to annoy her. ▶ ciągły bezustanny ustawiczny