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开始学习
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examines preferences and choices of individuals
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开始学习
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trends at much higher level of aggregation
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methodological individualism 开始学习
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individuals determine the way society is
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ontological individualism 开始学习
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in reality no supra-individual entities exist, only aggregate outcomes of the actions and behaviours of individuals
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Character of the analysis 开始学习
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1. Explaining phenomena - perspective of spectator; 2. Understanding phenomena - perspective of participant
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开始学习
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art of interpretation; understanding meanings; the goal of science is not only to predict but to understand people's behaviour, hence we should assume the perspective of the participant and try to interpret their aims and find their reasons
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开始学习
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method through which we can try to understand social institutions and social changes as resulting from there actions and interactions of rational individuals
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开始学习
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individuals who try to optimise their own preferences to the fullest
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Considerations of Rational Choice Theory 开始学习
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society to be a cooperation of individuals who tune their behaviour, cuz it is the best way for them to fulfil their goals; RCT assumes that all individuals act as perfectly rational beings
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perfectly rational beings 开始学习
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people's preferences are ordered according to priority; individuals do have all information about all options and results; they are capable of calculating the best mix of results
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开始学习
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you anticipate others' choices as best as you can
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problem of coordination in a coordination game 开始学习
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such model always involves at least two individuals and two options, the results can be seen as levels of utility or priorities in succession. 1 represents the highest, 4 the lowest. When an equilibrium is possible, all players will get to it
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开始学习
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combination of choices of which no choice can be changed to the benefit of any of the players
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开始学习
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combination of choices in which none of the players can benefit from changing their choice without harming at leats one of the other players
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开始学习
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it showcases why we need not only conventions, but also a government that can impose sanctions for not keeping to conventions
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Claims of Rational Choice Theory 开始学习
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it assumes that individuals will strive to have their preferences satisfied, but those don't need to be egoistic; the problem with RCT is that it can only make claims about the behaviour of agents, but at the same time it draws conclusions about actors
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behaviourist conception of preference 开始学习
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subject choose what they prefer, so their choice reveal their preferences
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mentalist conception of preference 开始学习
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subjects prefer what they find most agreeable and what gives them most pleasure
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开始学习
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theory about theory; assumptions, ambitions, models of explanation, epistemologies methodological prescriptions; theories sharing similar assumptions
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types of meta-theoretical questions 开始学习
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ontological - individualism or holism?; is social reality socially constructed?; epistemological - what type of explanation should we look for? explaining vs understanding
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Explanations and their aims 开始学习
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Causal and functional - explaining; Intentional - understanding
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开始学习
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individual, explaining; explain behaviour and social level outcomes from the rational choices of individual agents
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Assumptions of Rational Choice Paradigm 开始学习
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1. Methodological Individualism; 2. Agents are fully self-interested; 3. Agents are perfectly rational
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Methodological Individualism - 1st Assumption of RC Paradigm 开始学习
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social phenomena (rules, institutions) really exist, but we can explain them only form the actions and behaviours of individuals; i.e. institutions - meeting the needs of society by filling certain roles&behaviours
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Self-interest - 2nd Assumption of RC Paradigm 开始学习
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agents exclusively seek to maximise their own welfare; welfare of others is only relevant insofar it figures in one's own preference ordering
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Rationality - 3rd Assumption of RC Paradigm 开始学习
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rational agents have a complete and consistent preference ordering, all options included in preference ordering; rational agents have all relevant info and perfectly functioning computer on board (in our minds)
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开始学习
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we tend to value things higher than their market value when they belong to us
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开始学习
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if we invest labor in something, we value it higher
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开始学习
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1. Parametric rationality - assumes the choices of others to be known in advance; 2. Strategic rationality - takes into consideration the rational choices of other agents, who try to anticipate your actions
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开始学习
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process of modelling strategic interaction between two or more players in the situation containing certain rules and outcomes
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开始学习
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explains patterns of behaviour and institutions from interdependent rational choices; strategic rationality; Nash-equilibrium; Pareto-optimal; coordination problem - how can I make people cooperate?; motivational problem - how can I make people work hard?
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开始学习
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parametric rationality, helps to resolve issues in relationships between human interactions
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Agency relationships lead to agency problems because: 开始学习
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conflicts of interest between agent and principal; info/knowledge asymmetry; ex ante (selecting the right employee) - adverse selection; ex post (monitoring employee once hired) - moral hazard
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How you solve agency problems? 开始学习
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monitoring costs (principal); bonding costs (agent); residual loss (principal)
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