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问题		答案
1. Operations 开始学习		The activities involved in the production and delivery of goods or services using resources like labor, materials, and machinery.
2. Quality 开始学习		The degree to which a product or service meets certain standards or satisfies customer expectations.
3. Cost 开始学习		The total expenditure required to produce a product, including materials, labor, and overhead.
4. Dependability 开始学习		The ability to deliver products or services reliably and consistently on time.
5. Flexibility 开始学习		The ability to adapt to changes in volume, product variety, or delivery requirements.
6. Speed (Throughput) 开始学习		The rate at which products are produced and delivered to customers.
7. Lead-time 开始学习		The time between placing an order and receiving the product.
8. Time-to-market 开始学习		The time taken to develop a product from concept to launch.
9. Procurement 开始学习		The process of sourcing and purchasing goods and services from suppliers.
10. Supply chain 开始学习		A network of suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors involved in producing and delivering a product.
11. Logistics 开始学习		The organization and implementation of transporting goods from one place to another.
12. Inventory 开始学习		The raw materials, work-in-progress, and finished goods a company holds for future use or sale.
13. Feasibility 开始学习		An assessment of how practical or achievable a project or plan is.
14. Vulnerability 开始学习		The degree of risk or potential problems in a process or plan.
15. Standardization 开始学习		Limiting variety by making uniform products or processes.
16. Commonality 开始学习		The use of shared components or parts across different products.
17. Modularization 开始学习		Designing products using separate interchangeable components.
18. Concept brief 开始学习		A short document outlining the goals, features, and purpose of a new product idea.
19. Roll-out 开始学习		The gradual introduction of a new product to the market.
20. First-tier supplier 开始学习		A company that directly supplies products to the manufacturer.
21. Second-tier supplier 开始学习		A company that supplies materials to the first-tier supplier.
22. Throughput 开始学习		The amount of work or production completed in a given time.
23. Virtual operation 开始学习		A business model where temporary teams or suppliers are used for a specific project.
24. Bill of materials 开始学习		A list of raw materials, components, and instructions needed to manufacture a product.
25. E-procurement 开始学习		Purchasing goods and services using digital platforms or the internet.
26. JIT (Just-in-time) 开始学习		A production method that reduces inventory by receiving goods only as they are needed.
27. Lean operations 开始学习		A management approach focused on reducing waste and improving efficiency.
28. Kaizen 开始学习		A Japanese term meaning continuous improvement in all aspects of a business.
29. TQM (Total Quality Management) 开始学习		A comprehensive approach where all employees work toward improving quality.
30. Six Sigma 开始学习		A data-driven method for eliminating defects and improving quality, aiming for fewer than 3.4 defects per million items.
31. Capacity 开始学习		The maximum output that a company can produce under normal conditions.
32. Control of inventory 开始学习		Managing stock levels to ensure materials are available without overstocking.
33. Perpetual inventory system 开始学习		A system that automatically tracks inventory in real-time.
34. Batch production 开始学习		A production method where products are made in groups or batches.
35. Mass production 开始学习		The large-scale manufacturing of standardized products.
36. Job production 开始学习		A production method where a single product is made at a time, often customized.
37. Project production 开始学习		A method used for complex, one-off products like construction or shipbuilding.
38. EPOS (Electronic Point of Sale) 开始学习		A computerized system used in retail to process sales and update inventory.
39. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) 开始学习		A technology used to identify and track items using radio waves.
40. Industrial robots 开始学习		Automated machines used in manufacturing to perform repetitive tasks like welding, assembling, or painting.
41. RFID tags (Radio Frequency Identification) 开始学习		Tags used to track items through radio signals, improving inventory control and traceability.
42. EPOS (Electronic Point of Sale) 开始学习		Systems used in retail that record sales and update stock levels in real-time.
43. Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) 开始学习		A company that produces parts and equipment that may be marketed by another manufacturer.
44. Outsourcing 开始学习		Hiring an external company to perform services or create goods that were traditionally done in-house.
45. Grants and subsidies 开始学习		Financial aid provided by the government to support businesses.
46. Infrastructure 开始学习		Basic physical systems like roads, railways, and utilities needed for business operations.
47. Proximity to suppliers/customers 开始学习		The physical closeness to suppliers or customers, affecting logistics efficiency and service speed.
48. Environmental considerations 开始学习		Concerns about how business activities affect the natural environment.
49. Screening 开始学习		The process of evaluating if a product idea is good and fits company goals.
50. Preliminary design 开始学习		Early version of a product design used for concept development.
51. Evaluation and improvement 开始学习		Assessing and refining product ideas and processes.
52. Prototyping 开始学习		Creating a sample version of a product to test its design and functionality.
53. Factory layout 开始学习		The physical arrangement of machinery, equipment, and workers in a production facility.
54. Packaging issues 开始学习		Considerations about how products are packed, including protection, cost, and branding.
55. Changeover time 开始学习		The time required to switch from producing one product to another in manufacturing.
56. Set-up time 开始学习		Time taken to prepare machines or equipment before production can begin.
57. Downtime 开始学习		Periods when production is halted, often due to equipment failure or changeovers.
58. Work-in-progress (WIP) 开始学习		Items that are in the process of being manufactured but are not yet finished.
59. Job/batch/continuous/mass production 开始学习		Different types of manufacturing processes depending on scale and customization.
60. Kanban 开始学习		A lean method that uses visual signals (like cards or software) to control production and inventory.
61. Forecasting 开始学习		Predicting future customer demand to plan production and inventory.
62. Capacity utilization 开始学习		The percentage of a factory’s total potential output that is actually being used.
63. Overtime 开始学习		Time worked beyond the regular working hours, often paid at a higher rate.
64. Subcontracting 开始学习		Hiring another company to carry out part of the production process.
65. Inventory system 开始学习		Methods and software used to monitor stock levels and reorder materials automatically.
66. Benchmarking 开始学习		Comparing one’s business processes and performance metrics to industry bests or best practices from other companies.

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