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condition in which someone cannot remember words they want to use impairments in naming objects/ TIP OF THE TONGUE. It demonstrates that you can something in mind, but cant retrieve it. Prompt or a cue can be a substantial help. They can talk around it, identify the first letter or a syllable
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Dyslexia is a learning difficulty that primarily affects the skills involved in accurate and fluent word reading and spelling.
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开始学习
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Dysgraphia is a neurological condition in which someone has difficulty turning their thoughts into written language for their age and ability to think, despite exposure to adequate instruction and education.
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why we need cognitive models to understand the root cause for the patients problems? 开始学习
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patients can fail at a cognitive task (such as picture naming) for different reasons
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tip of a tongue experience with no brain injury. 开始学习
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Prompt or a cue can be a substantial help with people who have a
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VISUAL INPUT -> SEMANTICS -> PHONOLOGICAL OUTPUT
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AGNOSIA is a problem of what in a cognitive model? 开始学习
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(a specific impairment of reading irregular words such as PINT or YACHT)
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开始学习
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(a specific impairment of reading nonwords such as GWOOL)
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Two Separated Reading/Spelling Routes: 开始学习
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开始学习
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Conduction aphasia is a rare form of aphasia where both expression and comprehension remain intact, but the patient shows an isolated impairment in the ability to repeat simple phrases.
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What is a unitary semantic system? 开始学习
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A unitary semantic system is a single semantic store.
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What is a multistore semantic system? 开始学习
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A multistore semantic system consists of many semantic stores.
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What is the key form of representation for semantic information according to some people? This approach suggests that semantic information is organized by categories or domains (such as animals, tools, etc.). 开始学习
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Some people argue it might be categorically organized, which is a domain-specific explanation (amodal). Each category has its own specific semantic store. This is considered "amodal" because the information is not tied to any specific sensory modality; instead, it is abstract and conceptual.
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What is another key form of representation for semantic information? This approach suggests that semantic information is organized based on sensory modalities (such as visual, auditory, tactile, etc.). 开始学习
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Some people argue it might be sensory organized, which is a modality-specific explanation (multi-modal). Each type of sensory information has its own specific semantic store. This is considered "multi-modal" because it involves multiple sensory modalities rather than being abstract.
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: Can there be combinations of these forms of representation? 开始学习
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Yes, there can be combinations, such as a unitary semantic system that is amodal.
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What is semantic dementia? 开始学习
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Semantic dementia is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by the progressive loss of verbal and non-verbal semantic memory.
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Which cognitive domains are preserved in patients with semantic dementia? 开始学习
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Other cognitive domains such as working memory, visuo-spatial ability, non-verbal problem solving ability, phonology, and syntax are preserved in patients with semantic dementia.
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How is orientation and recall of recent events affected in semantic dementia patients? 开始学习
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Patients with semantic dementia generally have good orientation and recall of recent events.
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What brain region is notably affected in semantic dementia? 开始学习
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Patients with semantic dementia are a key neuropsychological population for studying semantic memory.
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How does semantic dementia affect patients' semantic memory over time? 开始学习
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In semantic dementia, patients gradually lose their semantic memory, akin to having their mental dictionary slowly erased over time.
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How has the study of semantic dementia illuminated the understanding of semantic memory functions? 开始学习
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Studying the pattern of impairment in semantic dementia patients has helped illuminate important aspects of how semantic memory functions.
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Which neural region of the brain was highlighted as important in cases of semantic dementia? 开始学习
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The anterior temporal lobe was highlighted as an important neural region in cases of semantic dementia.
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What does "typicality" mean in the context of semantic memory? 开始学习
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Typicality refers to how representative an item is within its category. Highly typical items are more representative and share more common features with other items in the same category.
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How does typicality affect object decision-making in semantic memory tasks? 开始学习
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Typicality drives object decision-making, meaning that people are more likely to correctly identify and categorize items that are highly typical of their category. Less typical items can lead to undergeneralization or overgeneralization errors.
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How do semantic dementia (SD) patients respond to typical and atypical items? 开始学习
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SD patients may struggle with matching items based on conceptual similarities rather than superficial ones. They might judge a fox as a dog due to its typicality in the category but may not recognize a Chihuahua as a dog because it is less typical (Lambon-Ralph et al., 2010).
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What do the examples in the image illustrate about typicality and object decision-making? 开始学习
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The examples illustrate that SD patients can generate undergeneralization and overgeneralization errors. For instance, they may find it hard to determine whether nonreal items (like a green eggplant or a pink bear) belong to the real category due to their atypical features.
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What does 'category specificity' refer to in the context of semantic memory? 开始学习
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'Category specificity' refers to the idea that patients may have disproportionate problems with particular types of items (e.g., 'living things'), suggesting that different categories of semantic memory might be organized differently in the brain.
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What does the 'hub and spoke model' propose? 开始学习
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The 'hub and spoke model' proposes that the anterior temporal lobe (the hub) integrates information from different sensory areas (the spokes) to help us understand concepts. Think of the hub as a central computer that gathers and processes information from different parts of the brain to help you recognize things.
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What happens to categorization in semantic dementia according to the 'hub and spoke model'? 开始学习
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In semantic dementia, damage to the anterior temporal lobe makes it hard to correctly categorize items. Typical items might be misclassified, and similar non-category items might be mistaken for category members. When the brain's central computer is damaged, it mixes up what things are, making it hard to tell similar-looking items apart.
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How does the brain normally categorize items like cats? 开始学习
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The brain uses the anterior temporal lobe to integrate various features (like size, shape, color) to recognize and categorize items correctly.
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What is the impact of damage to the anterior temporal lobe in semantic dementia? 开始学习
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Damage to this area disrupts the brain's ability to integrate sensory information, leading to confusion in recognizing and categorizing items. When the central computer (anterior temporal lobe) breaks, the brain can't correctly identify and sort out different things.
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What are typical and atypical items in the context of semantic memory? 开始学习
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Typical items are very representative of their category, while atypical items share fewer common features and are less representative.
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What does the left anterior temporal lobe specialize in? 开始学习
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The left anterior temporal lobe is more specialized for processing verbal information.
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What does the right anterior temporal lobe specialize in? 开始学习
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The right anterior temporal lobe is more specialized for processing visual information.
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What was the main debate about the 'hub and spoke model'? 开始学习
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The debate was whether the left and right anterior temporal lobes work the same way or have different specialized roles.
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What is apperceptive prosopagnosia? 开始学习
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Apperceptive prosopagnosia is a subtype of prosopagnosia where there is difficulty forming an intact percept of a face due to a deficit in structural encoding.
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What is associative prosopagnosia? 开始学习
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Associative prosopagnosia is a higher-order impairment where individuals can compare face percepts and establish familiarity but cannot identify exactly who the person might be.
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What is the difference between apperceptive and associative prosopagnosia? 开始学习
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Apperceptive prosopagnosia involves a difficulty in forming an intact percept of a face (structural encoding issue), whereas associative prosopagnosia involves a higher-order impairment where individuals recognize face familiarity but cannot identify the person.
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