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Meaning as Propositional Calculus 开始学习
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suggests that understanding sentences involves breaking them down into basic propositions and using logical operations
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is the meaning achieved by the words in the sentence, intension assumes the word has an intrinsic meaning
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is what the sentence refers to. Is the set of objects in the world to which the word corresponds
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These are statements that can be evaluated as true or false
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These are utterances that don't just describe a state of affairs but also perform an action
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Simple sentences use basic logic, like "and" and "or", to connect ideas, more complex senteces emerge when words like "some", "supposing", and "all" are added. The meaning is determined by how these words connect and the truth values of the statements they make
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Culture-dependent Languages 开始学习
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languages and meanings are culture-dependent because different cultures may have unique words, grammar structures, and concepts
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Certain words may exist in one language to express concepts specific to that culture, lacking direct equivalents in others
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Grammar structures can reflect cultural nuances, impacting how ideas are conveyed
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Culture-specific Concepts 开始学习
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Cultures may have concepts with no direct counterparts in other languages, reflecting distinctive cultural values
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These refer to mental frameworks or organized structures of knowledge that help interpret and process information. Schemas involve general knowledge about the world, while scripts are more specific, detailing expected events in particular situations.
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phenomenon where a word or morpheme carries additional meaning, often related to its historical or cultural context
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Principle of compositionality 开始学习
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the meaning of a sentence comes from the meanings of its words and how they are put together
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in linguistics the lexicon refers to the vocabulary of a language, and semantics deals with the meaning of words.
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Vocabulary of Language (Lexicon) 开始学习
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This includes the words in a language, organized in a system with semantic structure. This structure involves relationships between words, both in terms of how they're similar and how they're used together
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The sense of a word is the set of relations it has with other words in the same lexical system.
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is the connection between words and the things, events, actions or qualities they represent. It's the relationship between words and their real-world "referents". When we say "tree", for instance, reference is the link between the word and actual trees in the world.
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Paradigmatic Relations of Sense 开始学习
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This involves words that can occur in the same context like color terms that belong to a related set.
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Syntagmatic Relations of Sense 开始学习
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This relates to the co-occurence of words.
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Connotation (Associative Meaning) 开始学习
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Connotation refers to the additional, often emotional or cultural, meanings associated with a word beyond its literal definition.
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Denotation is the primary, literal meaning or reference of a word. It is the specific, objective meaning that can be found in a dictionary.
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Componential analysis (semantic features) 开始学习
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"The hamburger ate the man" It breaks down the elemnts of the sentence. Doesn't fit the expected features of an animate, living being
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is when a word has two or more related meanings
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involves words that share the same form but have different meanings. There are different types
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words like "bank" (financial institution) and "bank" (side of a river) are real homonyms because they have the same form but unrelated meanings
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Words like "course" and "coarse" sound the same but have different meanings
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Words like "wind" (to twist) and "wind" (air movement) are homographs - they look the same but mean different things
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Interlanguage Homonyms (False Friends) 开始学习
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These are words in different languages that look similar but have different meanings
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are words or phrases with similar meanings, capturing various shades of meaning.
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These synonyms are entirely interchangeable in all contexts.
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Represents words that are identical in both cognitive and emotive senses. Achieving true complete synonymy can be challenging, but it implies no distinction in either meaning or emotional connotation
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Close synonyms have similar meanings but may be used in slightly different contexts or convey subtle differences. For instance, "jump" and "leap" both refer to a similar action but might be employed in distinct situations.
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Synonyms differing in intensity 开始学习
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These synonyms share a common meaning but differ in intensity "break" suggests a more general action, while "smash" implies a forceful and intense breaking.
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Certain synonyms are used in specific phrases or contexts.
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refer to synonyms across different varieties of a language
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