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What are the main Programming Domains 开始学习
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Scientific applications, Business applications, Artificial intelligence, Systems programming, Web Software
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What are the main characteristics of Scientific applications 开始学习
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Large numbers of floating point computations; use of arrays
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Give an example scientific domain language 开始学习
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Fortran (Formula Translating System, IBM)
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What are the main characteristics of Business applications? 开始学习
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Produce reports, use decimal numbers and characters
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Give an example of a Business applications language. 开始学习
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COBOL (COmmon Business-Oriented Language)
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What are the main characteristics of Artificial intelligence domain languages? 开始学习
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Symbols rather than numbers manipulated; use of linked lists
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give an example of an artificial intelligence language 开始学习
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What are the main characteristics of Systems programming languages 开始学习
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Need efficiency because of continuous use
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Give an example of a Systems programming language 开始学习
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What are the main characteristics of Web Software 开始学习
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Eclectic collection of languages: markup (e.g., HTML), scripting (e.g., PHP), general-purpose (e.g., Java)
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What are the main Language Categories by Uses? 开始学习
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Machine languages, Assembly languages, High-level languages, System programming languages, Scripting languages, Domain-specific languages
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Describe Machine languages 开始学习
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[1] hardware implemented languages. [2] The set of the instructions of a processor. [3] Machine code is usually written in hexdecimal numbers.
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Describe Assembly languages 开始学习
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[1] machine codes are wrapped with alphanumeric symbols so that the instructions are more readable. [2] They also have labeled storage locations, jump targets and subroutine starting addresses.
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Describe High-level languages 开始学习
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[1] Machine-independent, similar to natural language.[2] Are usually characterised with variables, types, subroutines, functions, constants[3] complex expressions[4] control structures,(conditionals, switches, loops)[5] composite types (arrays, structs)
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What does machine independant mean? 开始学习
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independent of the machine instructions of any particular processors)
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Describe System programming languages 开始学习
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[1] deal with: memory and process management, I/O operations, device drivers, operating systems.
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Describe Scripting languages 开始学习
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[1] used to write programs in system administration [2] analyse / transform large amounts of regular text info [3] act as“glue”between different apps [4] make simple GUI to control an existing app [5] interpreted not compiled [6] Good string processing
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Describe Domain-specific languages 开始学习
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unlike general purpose languages, they are used in highly special-purpose areas only, e.g., PostScript - a language for creating vector graphics for the electronic publishing (Adobe).
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What are the major Categories by Paradigms 开始学习
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Procedural, Functional, Logic
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Describe Procedural Paradigm 开始学习
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[1] A program is built from one or more procedures (subroutines or functions) [2] Central features are variables, assignment statements, and iteration [3] Include languages that support object-oriented programming [4] Include scripting languages
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Give some examples of Procedural languages 开始学习
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C, Java, Perl, JavaScript, Visual BASIC. NET, C++,...
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Describe Functional Paradigm 开始学习
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Main means of making computations is by applying functions to given parameters
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Give examples of some Functional languages 开始学习
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Haskell, LISP, Scheme, ML (MetaLanguage), F#, etc
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Rule-based (rules are specified in no particular order)
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give an example of logic language 开始学习
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What are the categories when organiseng languages by How Tasks are Specified 开始学习
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Imperative languages or Declarative languages
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Describe imperative languages 开始学习
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[1] computing tasks are defined as sequences of commands (statements) for the computer to perform. [2] a program in such language tells computer what to do step-by-step (to make the computer change from one state to the next).
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Give example of Imperative langauage 开始学习
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Describe Declarative languages 开始学习
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[1] programs describe their desired results without explicitly listing commands or steps that must be performed.
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give examples of declarative programming languages 开始学习
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functional and logical programming languages belong to this category.
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