→ ITIL Foundation →开始学习 /下载MP3 Flashcards

问题		答案
acceptance criteria 开始学习		A list of minimum requirements that a service or service component must meet for it to be acceptable to key stakeholders.
Agile 开始学习		An umbrella term for a collection of frameworks and techniques that together enable teams and individuals to work in a way that is typified by collaboration, prioritization, iterative and incremental delivery, and timeboxing...
architecture management practice 开始学习		The practice of providing an understanding of all the different elements that make up an organization and how those elements relate to one another
asset register 开始学习		A database or list of assets, capturing key attributes such as ownership and financial value.
availability 开始学习		The ability of an IT service or other configuration item to perform its agreed function when required.
availability management practice 开始学习		The practice of ensuring that services deliver agreed levels of availability to meet the needs of customers and users.
baseline 开始学习		A report or metric that serves as a starting point against which progress or change can be assessed.
best practice 开始学习		A way of working that has been proven to be successful by multiple organizations.
business analysis practice 开始学习		The practice of analysing a business or some element of a business, defining its needs and recommending solutions to address these needs and/or solve a business problem, and create value for stakeholders.
business impact analysis (BIA) 开始学习		A key activity in the practice of service continuity management that identifies vital business functions and their dependencies.
business relationship manager (BRM) 开始学习		A role responsible for maintaining good relationships with one or more customers.
call 开始学习		An interaction (e.g. a telephone call) with the service desk. A call could result in an incident or a service request being logged.
call/contact centre 开始学习		An organization or business unit that handles large numbers of incoming and outgoing calls and other interactions.
capability 开始学习		The ability of an organization, person, process, application, configuration item, or IT service to carry out an activity.
capacity and performance management practice 开始学习		The practice of ensuring that services achieve agreed and expected performance levels, satisfying current and future demand in a cost-effective way.
capacity planning 开始学习		The activity of creating a plan that manages resources to meet demand for services.
change 开始学习		The addition, modification, or removal of anything that could have a direct or indirect effect on services.
change authority 开始学习		A person or group responsible for authorizing a change.
change enablement practice 开始学习		The practice of ensuring that risks are properly assessed, authorizing changes to proceed and managing a change schedule in order to maximize the number of successful service and product changes.
change model 开始学习		A repeatable approach to the management of a particular type of change.
change schedule 开始学习		A calendar that shows planned and historical changes.
charging 开始学习		The activity that assigns a price for services.
cloud computing 开始学习		A model for enabling on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources that can be rapidly provided with minimal management effort or provider interaction.
confidentiality 开始学习		A security objective that ensures information is not made available or disclosed to unauthorized entities.
configuration 开始学习		An arrangement of configuration items (CIs) or other resources that work together to deliver a product or service. Can also be used to describe the parameter settings for one or more CIs.
configuration item (CI) 开始学习		Any component that needs to be managed in order to deliver an IT service.
configuration management database (CMDB) 开始学习		A database used to store configuration records throughout their lifecycle. The CMDB also maintains the relationships between configuration records.
configuration management system (CMS) 开始学习		A set of tools, data, and information that is used to support service configuration management.
configuration record 开始学习		A record containing the details of a configuration item (CI). Each configuration record documents the lifecycle of a single CI. Configuration records are stored in a configuration management database.
continual improvement practice 开始学习		The practice of aligning an organization’s practices and services with changing business needs through the ongoing identification and improvement of all elements involved in the effective management of products and services.
continuous integration / continuous delivery 开始学习		An integrated set of practices and tools used to merge developers’ code, build and test the resulting software, and package it so that it is ready for deployment.
cost 开始学习		The amount of money spent on a specific activity or resource.
cost centre 开始学习		A business unit or project to which costs are assigned.
critical success factor (CSF) 开始学习		A necessary precondition for the achievement of intended results.
culture 开始学习		A set of values that is shared by a group of people, including expectations about how people should behave, ideas, beliefs, and practices.
customer 开始学习		The role that defines the requirements for a service and takes responsibility for the outcomes of service consumption.
dashboard 开始学习		A real-time graphical representation of data.
deliver and support 开始学习		The value chain activity that ensures services are delivered and supported according to agreed specifications and stakeholders’ expectations.
demand 开始学习		Input to the service value system based on opportunities and needs from internal and external stakeholders.
deployment 开始学习		The movement of any service component into any environment.
deployment management practice 开始学习		The practice of moving new or changed hardware, software, documentation, processes, or any other service component to live environments.
design and transition 开始学习		The value chain activity that ensures products and services continually meet stakeholder expectations for quality, costs, and time to market.
development environment 开始学习		An environment used to create or modify IT services or applications.
DevOps 开始学习		An organizational culture that aims to improve the flow of value to customers. DevOps focuses on culture, automation, Lean, measurement, and sharing (CALMS).
disaster 开始学习		A sudden unplanned event that causes great damage or serious loss to an organization. A disaster results in an organization failing to provide critical business functions for some predetermined minimum period of time.
disaster recovery plans 开始学习		A set of clearly defined plans related to how an organization will recover from a disaster as well as return to a pre-disaster condition, considering the four dimensions of service management.
driver 开始学习		Something that influences strategy, objectives, or requirements.
effectiveness 开始学习		A measure of whether the objectives of a practice, service or activity have been achieved.
efficiency 开始学习		A measure of whether the right amount of resources have been used by a practice, service, or activity.
emergency change 开始学习		A change that must be introduced as soon as possible.
engage 开始学习		The value chain activity that provides a good understanding of stakeholder needs, transparency, continual engagement, and good relationships with all stakeholders.
environment 开始学习		A subset of the IT infrastructure that is used for a particular purpose, for example a live environment or test environment. Can also mean the external conditions that influence or affect something.
error 开始学习		A flaw or vulnerability that may cause incidents.
error control 开始学习		Problem management activities used to manage known errors.
escalation 开始学习		The act of sharing awareness or transferring ownership of an issue or work item.
event 开始学习		Any change of state that has significance for the management of a service or other configuration item.
external customer 开始学习		A customer who works for an organization other than the service provider.
failure 开始学习		A loss of ability to operate to specification, or to deliver the required output or outcome.
feedback loop 开始学习		A technique whereby the outputs of one part of a system are used as inputs to the same part of the system.
four dimensions of service management 开始学习		The four perspectives that are critical to the effective and efficient facilitation of value for customers and other stakeholders in the form of products and services.
goods 开始学习		Tangible resources that are transferred or available for transfer from a service provider to a service consumer, together with ownership and associated rights and responsibilities.
identity 开始学习		A unique name that is used to identify and grant system access rights to a user, person, or role.
incident 开始学习		An unplanned interruption to a service or reduction in the quality of a service.
incident management 开始学习		The practice of minimizing the negative impact of incidents by restoring normal service operation as quickly as possible.
information and technology 开始学习		One of the four dimensions of service management. It includes the information and knowledge used to deliver services, and the information and technologies used to manage all aspects of the service value system.
information security management practice 开始学习		The practice of protecting an organization by understanding and managing risks to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information.
information security policy 开始学习		The policy that governs an organization’s approach to information security management.
infrastructure and platform management practice 开始学习		The practice of overseeing the infrastructure and platforms used by an organization. This enables the monitoring of technology solutions available, including solutions from third parties.
integrity 开始学习		A security objective that ensures information is only modified by authorized personnel and activities.
internal customer 开始学习		A customer who works for the same organization as the service provider.
Internet of Things 开始学习		The interconnection of devices via the internet that were not traditionally thought of as IT assets, but now include embedded computing capability and network connectivity.
IT asset 开始学习		Any financially valuable component that can contribute to the delivery of an IT product or service.
IT asset management practice 开始学习		The practice of planning and managing the full lifecycle of all IT assets.
IT infrastructure 开始学习		All of the hardware, software, networks, and facilities that are required to develop, test, deliver, monitor, manage, and support IT services.
IT service 开始学习		A service based on the use of information technology.
ITIL 开始学习		Best-practice guidance for IT service management.
key performance indicator (KPI) 开始学习		An important metric used to evaluate the success in meeting an objective.
knowledge management practice 开始学习		The practice of maintaining and improving the effective, efficient, and convenient use of information and knowledge across an organization.
known error 开始学习		An approach that focuses on improving workflows by maximizing value through the elimination of waste.
lifecycle 开始学习		The full set of stages, transitions, and associated statuses in the life of a service, product, practice, or other entity.
live 开始学习		Refers to a service or other configuration item operating in the live environment.
live environment / production environment 开始学习		A controlled environment used in the delivery of IT services to service consumers.
maintainability 开始学习		The ease with which a service or other entity can be repaired or modified.
major incident 开始学习		An incident with significant business impact, requiring an immediate coordinated resolution.
maturity 开始学习		A measure of the reliability, efficiency and effectiveness of an organization, practice, or process.
management system 开始学习		Interrelated or interacting elements that establish policy and objectives and enable the achievement of those objectives.
mean time between failures (MTBF) 开始学习		A metric of how frequently a service or other configuration item fails.
mean time to restore service (MTRS) 开始学习		A metric of how quickly a service is restored after a failure.
measurement and reporting 开始学习		The practice of supporting good decision-making and continual improvement by decreasing levels of uncertainty.
minimum viable product (MVP) 开始学习		A product with just enough features to satisfy early customers, and to provide feedback for future product development.
model 开始学习		A representation of a system, practice, process, service, or other entity that is used to understand and predict its behaviour and relationships.
modelling 开始学习		The activity of creating, maintaining, and utilizing models.
monitoring 开始学习		Repeated observation of a system, practice, process, service, or other entity to detect events and to ensure that the current status is known.
monitoring and event management practice 开始学习		The practice of systematically observing services and service components, and recording and reporting selected changes of state identified as events.
obtain/build 开始学习		The value chain activity that ensures service components are available when and where they are needed, and that they meet agreed specifications.
operational technology 开始学习		The hardware and software solutions that detect or cause changes in physical processes through direct monitoring and/or control of physical devices such as valves, pumps, etc.
organizational change management practice 开始学习		The practice of ensuring that changes in an organization are smoothly and successfully implemented and that lasting benefits are achieved by managing the human aspects of the changes.
organizational resilience 开始学习		The ability of an organization to anticipate, prepare for, respond to, and adapt to unplanned external influences.
organizational velocity 开始学习		The speed, effectiveness, and efficiency with which an organization operates. Organizational velocity influences time to market, quality, safety, costs, and risks.
organizations and people 开始学习		Dimension of service management. It ensures that the way an organization is structured and managed, as well as its roles, responsibilities, and systems of authority and communication, is well defined and supports its overall strategy and operating model
outcome 开始学习		A result for a stakeholder enabled by one or more outputs.
output 开始学习		A tangible or intangible deliverable of an activity.
outsourcing 开始学习		The process of having external suppliers provide products and services that were previously provided internally.
partners and suppliers 开始学习		One of the four dimensions of service management. It encompasses the relationships an organization has with other organizations that are involved in the design, development, deployment, delivery, support, and/or continual improvement of services.
partnership 开始学习		A relationship between two organizations that involves working closely together to achieve common goals and objectives.
performance 开始学习		A measure of what is achieved or delivered by a system, person, team, practice, or service.
pilot 开始学习		A test implementation of a service with a limited scope in a live environment.
portfolio management practice 开始学习		The practice of ensuring that an organization has the right mix of programmes, projects, products, and services to execute its strategy within its funding and resource constraints.
post-implementation review (PIR) 开始学习		A review after the implementation of a change, to evaluate success and identify opportunities for improvement.
practice 开始学习		A set of organizational resources designed for performing work or accomplishing an objective.
problem 开始学习		A cause, or potential cause, of one or more incidents.
problem management practice 开始学习		The practice of reducing the likelihood and impact of incidents by identifying actual and potential causes of incidents, and managing workarounds and known errors.
procedure 开始学习		A documented way to carry out an activity or a process
process 开始学习		A set of interrelated or interacting activities that transform inputs into outputs. Processes define the sequence of actions and their dependencies.
product 开始学习		A configuration of an organization’s resources designed to offer value for a consumer.
programme 开始学习		A set of related projects and activities, and an organization structure created to direct and oversee them.
project 开始学习		A temporary structure that is created for the purpose of delivering one or more outputs (or products) according to an agreed business case.
project management practice 开始学习		The practice of ensuring that all an organization’s projects are successfully delivered.
quick win 开始学习		An improvement that is expected to provide a return on investment in a short period of time with relatively small cost and effort.
record 开始学习		A document stating results achieved and providing evidence of activities performed.
recovery 开始学习		The activity of returning a configuration item to normal operation after a failure.
recovery point objective (RPO) 开始学习		The point to which information used by an activity must be restored to enable the activity to operate on resumption.
recovery time objective (RTO) 开始学习		The maximum acceptable period of time following a service disruption that can elapse before the lack of business functionality severely impacts the organization.
relationship management practice 开始学习		The practice of establishing and nurturing links between an organization and its stakeholders at strategic and tactical levels.
release 开始学习		A version of a service or other configuration item, or a collection of configuration items, that is made available for use.
release management practice 开始学习		The practice of making new and changed services and features available for use.
reliability 开始学习		The ability of a product, service, or other configuration item to perform its intended function for a specified period of time or number of cycles.
request catalogue 开始学习		A view of the service catalogue, providing details on service requests for existing and new services, which is made available for the user.
request for change (RFC) 开始学习		A description of a proposed change used to initiate change enablement.
resolution 开始学习		The action of solving an incident or problem.
resource 开始学习		Personnel, material, finance or other entity required for the execution of an activity or the achievement of an objective. Resources used by an organization may be owned by the organization or used according to an agreement with the resource owner.
retire 开始学习		The act of permanently withdrawing a product, service, or other configuration item from use.
risk assessment 开始学习		An activity to identify, analyse, and evaluate risks.
risk management practice 开始学习		The practice of ensuring that an organization understands and effectively handles risks.
service 开始学习		A means of enabling value co-creation by facilitating outcomes that customers want to achieve, without the customer having to manage specific costs and risks.
service action 开始学习		Any action required to deliver a service output to a user. Service actions may be performed by a service provider resource, by service users, or jointly.
service architecture 开始学习		A view of all the services provided by an organization. It includes interactions between the services, and service models that describe the structure and dynamics of each service.
service catalogue 开始学习		Structured information about all the services and service offerings of a service provider, relevant for a specific target audience.
service catalogue management practice 开始学习		The practice of providing a single source of consistent information on all services and service offerings, and ensuring that it is available to the relevant audience.
service configuration management practice 开始学习		The practice of ensuring that accurate and reliable information about the configuration of services, and the configuration items that support them, is available when and where needed
service consumption 开始学习		Activities performed by an organization to consume services. It includes the management of the consumer’s resources needed to use the service, service actions performed by users, and the receiving (acquiring) of goods (if required).
service continuity management practice 开始学习		The practice of ensuring that service availability and performance are maintained at a sufficient level in case of a disaster.
service design practice 开始学习		The practice of designing products and services that are fit for purpose, fit for use, and that can be delivered by the organization and its ecosystem.
service desk 开始学习		The point of communication between the service provider and all its users.
service desk practice 开始学习		The practice of capturing demand for incident resolution and service requests.
service financial management practice 开始学习		The practice of supporting an organization’s strategies and plans for service management by ensuring that the organization’s financial resources and investments are being used effectively
service level management practice 开始学习		The practice of setting clear business-based targets for service performance so that the delivery of a service can be properly assessed, monitored, and managed against these targets.
service offering 开始学习		A formal description of one or more services, designed to address the needs of a target consumer group. A service offering may include goods, access to resources, and service actions.
service owner 开始学习		A role that is accountable for the delivery of a specific service.
service portfolio 开始学习		A complete set of products and services that are managed throughout their lifecycles by an organization.
service provider 开始学习		A role performed by an organization in a service relationship to provide services to consumers.
service provision 开始学习		Activities performed by an organization to provide services. It includes management of the provider’s resources, configured to deliver the service; ensuring access to these resources for users; fulfilment of the agreed service actions; SL management
service relationship 开始学习		A cooperation between a service provider and service consumer. Service relationships include service provision, service consumption, and service relationship management.
service relationship management 开始学习		Joint activities performed by a service provider and a service consumer to ensure continual value co-creation based on agreed and available service offerings.
service request 开始学习		A request from a user or a user’s authorized representative that initiates a service action which has been agreed as a normal part of service delivery.
service request management practice 开始学习		The practice of supporting the agreed quality of a service by handling all pre-defined, user-initiated service requests in an effective and user-friendly manner.
service validation and testing practice 开始学习		The practice of ensuring that new or changed products and services meet defined requirements.
service value system (SVS) 开始学习		A model representing how all the components and activities of an organization work together to facilitate value creation.
software development and management practice 开始学习		The practice of ensuring that applications meet stakeholder needs in terms of functionality, reliability, maintainability, compliance, and auditability.
sourcing 开始学习		The activity of planning and obtaining resources from a particular source type, which could be internal or external, centralized or distributed, and open or proprietary.
specification 开始学习		A documented description of the properties of a product, service, or other configuration item.
sponsor 开始学习		The role that authorizes budget for service consumption. Can also be used to describe an organization or individual that provides financial or other support for an initiative.
standard 开始学习		A document, established by consensus and approved by a recognized body, that provides for common and repeated use, mandatory requirements, guidelines, or characteristics for its subject.
standard change 开始学习		A low-risk, pre-authorized change that is well understood and fully documented, and which can be implemented without needing additional authorization.
status 开始学习		A description of the specific states an entity can have at a given time.
strategy management practice 开始学习		The practice of formulating the goals of an organization and adopting the courses of action and allocation of resources necessary for achieving those goals.
supplier 开始学习		A stakeholder responsible for providing services that are used by an organization.
supplier management practice 开始学习		The practice of ensuring that an organization’s suppliers and their performance levels are managed appropriately to support the provision of seamless quality products and services.
support team 开始学习		A team with the responsibility to maintain normal operations, address users’ requests, and resolve incidents and problems related to specified products, services, or other configuration items.
system 开始学习		A combination of interacting elements organized and maintained to achieve one or more stated purposes.
systems thinking 开始学习		A holistic approach to analysis that focuses on the way that a system’s constituent parts work, interrelate, and interact over time, and within the context of other systems.
technical debt 开始学习		The total rework backlog accumulated by choosing workarounds instead of system solutions that would take longer.
test environment 开始学习		A controlled environment established to test products, services, and other configuration items.
third party 开始学习		A stakeholder external to an organization.
throughput 开始学习		A measure of the amount of work performed by a product, service, or other system over a given period of time.
transaction 开始学习		A unit of work consisting of an exchange between two or more participants or systems.
use case 开始学习		A technique using realistic practical scenarios to define functional requirements and to design tests.
user 开始学习		The role that uses services.
utility 开始学习		The functionality offered by a product or service to meet a particular need. Utility can be summarized as ‘what the service does’ and can be used to determine whether a service is ‘fit for purpose’...
utility requirements 开始学习		Functional requirements which have been defined by the customer and are unique to a specific product.
validation 开始学习		Confirmation that the system, product, service, or other entity meets the agreed specification.
value chain activity 开始学习		A step of the value chain that an organization takes in the creation of value.
value streams and processes 开始学习		One of the four dimensions of service management. It defines the activities, workflows, controls, and procedures needed to achieve the agreed objectives.
warranty requirements 开始学习		Typically non-functional requirements captured as inputs from key stakeholders and other practices.
waterfall method 开始学习		A development approach that is linear and sequential with distinct objectives for each phase of development.
work instruction 开始学习		A detailed description to be followed in order to perform an activity.
workaround 开始学习		A solution that reduces or eliminates the impact of an incident or problem for which a full resolution is not yet available. Some workarounds reduce the likelihood of incidents.
workforce and talent management practice 开始学习		The practice of ensuring that an organization has the right people with the appropriate skills and knowledge and in the correct roles to support its business objectives.

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