EViU | Chapters: 56-85

designed to give maximum comfort and efficiency

ergonomically designed

explain technical vs technological

1. technical = relating to knowledge, machines and materials used in science and industry, 2. technological = relating to or involving technology

what is nanotechnology?

science of developing and producing extremely small tools and machines by controlling the arrangement of atoms and molecules

what is keyhole surgery?

a medical operation in which a really small hole is made in a person's body to reach the organ or tissue inside

explain 'gene therapy'

it's changing genes in order to prevent disease or disability

what's the human genome?

the "map" or index of all the genes in a human being

to envisage means to...

see a possible and probable situation in the future

a baby whose genetic characteristics are artificially created is called a...

designer baby

what's a nuclear family?

a family with father, mother, and one or two children

a gulf is another way of saying...

a gap/difference

what are drastic measures?

severe actions that have noticeable effects

what are fossil fuels? [paliwa kopalne]

sources of energy which were formed underground from plants and animal remains millions of years ago

a hole made in the ground for the removal of oil

an oil well

dno oceanu

the ocean floor OR the ocean bed

away from or at a distance from the coast

offshore

what does 'coal-fired' mean?

using coal as a fuel

what's a pipeline (e.g. a gas pipeline)

a very large tube through which liquid or gas can flow for long distances

onshore

= on the land

what are solar panels?

devices that change energy from the sun into electricity

what does hydroelectric mean

producing electricity by the force of fast-moving water such as rivers or waterfalls

what's tidal power?

using the force of the sea tide to produce energy

odnawialne źródła energii

renewable energy sources OR renewables

what does 'geothermal' mean?

using the heat inside the earth

using a great amount of energy

power-hungry (e.g. appliances)

about a car, using a lot of fuel

gas-guzzler [informal]

what are food miles?

a distance food is transported from where it's produced to when it reaches the consumer

wyłączać coś, usuwać coś

to cut something out (e.g. I've cut carbs out of my diet)

złoże / pokład (np. minerałów)

a deposit (= a layer formed under the ground, esp. over a very long period (e.g. oil or gas deposits))

porozrzucany (o zabudowaniach)

rambling / disjointed

not close to each other (e.g. about buildings)

spread out (e.g. buildings are spread out at SGH)

przestronny

roomy = spacious

ciasny, zatłoczony (np. budynek, pomieszczenie)

poky [inf, BrE], cramped

what does 'bustling' mean?

a bustling place is full of noise and activity and is usually pleasant and interesting

not enough room to swing a cat (OR no room to swing a cat) - what does it mean?

very small [informal] / ciasnota

too many people in a small place - provide an idiom (fish related)

packed in like sardines / packed in like sardines

wcisnąć się między kogoś

squeeze in between sb

what'd you call too many people in a small place?

a squash (= ścisk)

wcisnąć coś (suggests doing sth quickly and without much care)

stuff something in

what does 'once in a blue moon' mean?

very infrequently

to spend all your born days (somewhere or doing sth)

to spent all your life somewhere or doing sth

in a mo / in a sec / in a tick / in less than no time / in a jiff - what does it mean?

very soon | in a jiff = w trymiga

what does it mean: for donkey's years / since the year dot?

for a long time

what does until/till the cows come home mean?

for a very long time

dać coś komuś na zawsze

to give sb sth for keeps / for good

what does in the nick of time mean?

just in time (w samą porę, w ostatniej chwili)

to be too old (provide idioms)

to be over the hill / to be past it

what does 'at/on short notice' mean?

without being given much warning before something happens (e.g. I was asked to do it at very short notice)

who's a has-been?

a person who's no longer famous

what does 'to do sth in a flash / at a rate of knots' mean?

to do sth very quickly

what does 'fleeting' mean?

brief or quick (e.g. a glimpse, visit, smile, moment)

continuing for a long time

lengthy

lasting for only a short time [formal]

transient (e.g. a moment)

what does 'inexorable' mean?

continuing without hope of being stopped [formal]

what does 'incipient' mean? [adjective/formal]

just beginning to appear or develop (e.g. the incipient signs of economic recovery)

what does protracted mean?

lasting for a long time or made to last longer [formal] (e.g. negotiations, discussions)

what does 'lingering' mean?

taking a long time to leave or disappear (e.g. perfume, smile)

to make last longer

to prolong (e.g. we shouldn't prolong the meeting)

to walk with difficulty because of an injured leg or foot

to limp

to walk in an uncontrolled way, as if you are going to fall over

to stagger

to move suddenly in a way that is not smooth or controlled

to lurch

with only your toes on the ground

to tiptoe / on tiptoe(s)

to walk in a slow relaxed way

to amble

a way of walking with long steps [noun]

a stride

to walk in an especially confident and proud way

to strut OR to strut around/about

to put your feet down on someone or something in a heavy way that causes injury or damage

to trample | stratować, deptać (e.g. trample flowers but also feelings)

what does it mean to trample sth/sb underfoot?

1. to hurt or crush something or someone by walking on them, 2. to fail to consider or care about something, with the result that it is destroyed (e.g. employees' rights were trampled underfoot when the company was taken over)

to walk somewhere with slow heavy steps

to trudge

what does it mean to limp to a conclusion?

doczłapać się do końca (metaforycznie)

what does it mean to limp through?

zmagać się, męczyć się

provide meaning - take sth in your stride

to take sth calmly

to quickly get off (e.g. a bus)

to hop off

what does it mean to 'spill out'?

wysypać się (o ludziach), e.g. children spilled out into the playground

what does 'to trickle' mean?

if people or things trickle in or out, a few of them arrive or leave

in the context of movement, what does 'to file' mean?

when lots of people move in a straight line, one after another

what does 'to your heart's content' mean? [idiom]

as much or as often as you like (= do woli, ile dusza zapragnie)

to walk in a slow and relaxed way

to saunter

what does 'mill around' mean?

to move about in large numbers in a confused way with no particular purpose (e.g. a crowd of people milled around the building)

what is courtesy?

politeness and respect (syn. discourteous)

what does 'insolent' mean

rude and not showing respect (stronger than discourteous)

a set of rules or customs for accepted behaviour in particular social groups or social situations

an etiquette

what does 'to stand on ceremony' mean?

to behave in a formal way

morally very strict and old-fashioned

straitlaced

what does it mean to be 'the done thing'?

to be the correct or suitable thing to do, or to be the way that people think you should behave

to move from side to side in an awkward way (indicates embarrassment and nervousness)

to squirm

what's 'an embarrassment of riches'?

so many good things that it is difficult to choose between them

what's a flinch?

a sudden small movement (indicates pain or fear) | wzdrygać się

what does a beam mean?

a wide happy smile (also works as a verb)

what does it mean to sniff at sth?

1) kręcić na coś nosem, wybrzydzać, 2. obwąchiwać coś (dosłownie)

what does a titter mean?

a small laugh which indicates nervousness or embarrassment (also works as a verb to titter)

what does 'to snort' mean?

to make an explosive sound by forcing air quickly up and down your nose (indicates disgust or great amusement)

to close with a loud bang

to slam (e.g. a door)

what's a squeak?

a high, irritating noise

what's pounding?

a dull, beating sound (= łomotanie)

lanie, manto, baty

pounding [BrE][Informal]

what's a creak? (also works as a verb)

a noise of friction of wood and/or metal (= skrzyp, trzeszczenie = długie, wysokie dźwięki)

what's a sizzle? (also a verb)

it's a sound made by frying (= skwierczenie)

what does it mean 'all sizzle and no steak'? [idiom]

something/someone that/who disappoints expectations

what does 'all work and no play' mean?

a phrase used about a situation in which someone spends a lot of time working and has no time for other activities

to produce a loud clear sound

to ring out [phrasal verb]

what does 'eerie' mean?

strange and mysterious, and sometimes frightening

extremely & painfully loud

deafening

a phrase used for saying that there is too much noise

I can’t hear myself think

what does 'quiet as a mouse' mean?

very quiet

what's 'peace & quiet?'

a calm and quiet period, after a noisy time (e.g. I need some peace and quiet after this week)

what does 'unwieldy' mean?

1) too big or complicated to work well (e.g. a system, process), 2) large or heavy and difficult to handle or carry

what does 'ponderous' mean?

1) moving slowly because of being big and heavy, 2) ponderous writing or speech is serious and boring

what does 'lumbering' mean?

walking slowly because of being large and heavy

carrying very heavy things

weighed down (also metaphorical,.e.g. weighed down with problems)

what does it mean to weigh on sb?

to trouble one's mind (e.g. The responsibility of her new job had begun to weigh on her.)

if a substance such as blood or fat (?), it becomes thick and almost solid

to congeal

to become solid

to solidify (about wax, honey, lava, cement but also bonds or relationships)

what does it mean to 'thin out'?

1. gradually lose hair, 2. to become smaller in number, amount, or size, 3) to make a thick liquid become less thick by adding water or another liquid to it

what does to dilute mean?

1) to make a liquid less strong by adding water or another liquid (dilute sth in sth or sth with sth), 2. to make sth less strong or effective (metaphorically)

what does it mean to be impervious to sth?

1) not affected by something or not seeming to notice it, 2) something that is impervious to a substance does not let the substance pass through it

a dark blue-green colour

jade OR jade green

bright green

emerald

what does it mean 'to see red'?

to be very angry

what does a red alert/red flag indicate?

a danger

what does it mean to raise a red flag?

to serve as a warning (e.g. This assertion should raise a red flag immediately.)

what's an assertion?

a definite statement or claim that something is true

what does a grey area mean?

a situation in which the rules are not clear, or in which you are not sure what is right or wrong

explain do / make sth in time VS do / make sth on time

1. Doing something "in time" means doing it before a deadline, or doing it before it becomes unavailable, 2. Doing something "on time" means meeting an appointment, or meeting a time that has been set by someone.

provide verbs suggesting going somewhere very quickly on foot or in a vehicle

to dash, to fly, to race, to tear

what does it mean to nip/pop into (e.g. a shop)?

to go a short distance quickly, on foot or in a vehicle

to move quickly, suddenly

to dart

to go quickly (about vehicles)

to zip / to whizz

to move fast over a short distance (+ the added association of running away from something)

to bolt

what does it mean to make a bolt for something?

to quickly run towards something in order to try and escape

to move rapidly while being out of control

to career (e.g. to career into financial ruin)

what does to scamper/scurry/scuttle mean?

suggests small, rapid steps, often used to describe the way a small animal runs (e.g. cockroaches scuttled into a crack in the floor)

provide antonyms for: to soar/to rocket

to slump / to tumble

what does it mean 'to crawl' or 'to creep'

to move slowly (e.g. the traffic is crawling OR the prices have been creeping up since May)

to move fairly slowly, in a particularly unsteady manner

to totter

what does 'laden' mean? [adjective]

carrying something heavy, or supporting the weight of something heavy (e.g. laden with suitcases)

what does 'to sidle' mean?

to move slowly in a particular direction, usually because you are nervous or do not want to be noticed (e.g. The children sidled past her into the kitchen.)

what does 'to dawdle' mean?

to go somewhere, or to do something, so slowly that people become annoyed with you

what does it mean to 'precipitate'?

to make something happen or begin to exist suddenly and quickly, especially something bad (syn. cause)

what's the meaning of 'to spark / to spark off'?

to make someone feel, think of, or remember something (e.g. Their growing reputation had sparked interest from other film-makers.)

to make something happen, especially to cause changes in a situation

to bring about (e.g. Major spending is required to bring about substantial improvements in housing.)

mieć konsekwencje dla kogoś, mieć wpływ na kogoś

have implications for somebody

what does affinity between things / feeling affinity with sb mean

closeness, similarity, feeling that different things/people have much in common

to be akin to sb/sth?

similar in spirit / feel

a reasonable chance that something will happen

sporting chance

explain: to use a sporting analogy

show similarities that help understand sth

explain: to correspond (to/with)

1. to be the same as something else, or very much like it (The statistics do not correspond with our own experience.), 2. to be connected or related to something (The timing of the gift closely corresponded with Robert’s return from Italy.)

explain: to equate sth w/ sth

to consider as the same

explain: be tantamount to sth

the equivalent of sth (normally used in negative contexts)

explain: indistinguishable from

so similar you cannot see the difference

explain: to diversify into (in business context)

If a business diversifies, it starts making new products or offering new services

explain: disparate [formal]

used for different types within a group; emphasises separation $ difference

explain: divergent

often used to show contrasting opinions or ideas within a group

explain: distinct

used to describe differences where one might be deceived by similarities

explain: distinctive

used to describe sth that's easy to recognise because it's different

to become or make more varied

diversify

to move away, become more different from something

diverge (from sth)

explain: comparable to sth

about the same

what's 'state control'?

kontrola państwa

provide words for small difficulties

a snag / a hitch / a glitch

what's a setback?

when progress has been stopped by sth

what's a stumbling block?

sth that prevents action or agreement

what's a pitfall?

an unexpected difficulty (often used in plural)

what's an obstacle?

anything htat stops progress, either literally or metaphorically

what's an impediment?

sth that prevents free action, progress or movement

what's a dilemma?

a situation where a difficult choice has to be made between two, sometimes unpleasant, alternatives

what's an ordeal?

a severe experience which is very difficult, painful or tiring

mieć trudności w robieniu czegoś

have difficulty in doing something

co go gryzie/ co z nim?

what's eating him? / what's got into him? / what's bugging him? / what's up with him? / what's the matter with him?

what's a hassle?

a situation that causes problems for you or that annoys you very much

to work very hard in other words

flog oneself to death / to slog (your guts out) / to grind / to graft [BrE]

provide ways to say: in a difficult situation

in a fix / in a spot / in a hole / up against it

explain: up against something

in a very difficult situation, or with a serious problem to deal with

provide ways to say: freed from a difficult situation

to feel off the hook / be off the hook / be in the clear / be out of woods

explain: convoluted

unreasonably long and hard to follow (= zawiły)

explain: arduous (adj.)

extremely difficult and involving a lot of effort (e.g. a task, journey)

explain: abstruse (adj.)

hard to understand, and are more complicated than necessary (e.g. ideas / arguments)

explain: obstructive (adj.)

causing deliberate difficulties (e.g. a person or behaviour)

explain: tough

difficult to deal with or do (e.g. time, job, climate, decision)

chyba żartujesz!

you must be joking!

If you say that something _____ happen, you mean that it is likely to happen:

may well (e.g. she may well not want to travel alone.)

what does it mean 'I should be so lucky!'

said when what you want is extremely unlikely to happen (e.g. "You might win first prize." "I should be so lucky.")

mieć ambicje/aspiracje by coś zrobić

to have ambitions/aspirations to do sth

to have to do a particular thing because there is no possibility of doing anything else

to have no option but to do sth

the chances are that...

it's probable that...

explain: overjoyed

extremely pleased

explain: longing

a strong feeling of wanting someone or something

explain: the odds are against sth

it's not likely that...

explain: in all probability

used for saying that you think something is likely (e.g. in all probability, nothing much will change)

to increase by four times

to quadruple

what does the suffix 'fold' mean in twofold?

fold -> multiplied by that number (twofold = multiplied by two)

explain: by a factor of sth

if something increases by a factor of 5, 10, 20 etc, it becomes 5, 10, 20 etc times larger

explain: a drastic change in numbers

severe, sudden change

explain: to revise upwards / downwards

to change to a higher/lower number

explain: to deviate from the norm

to move away from the standard or accepted pattern

to keep going up and down

to fluctuate (around)

to go up and down at regular intervals

to seesaw

not regular and often changing suddenly

erratic (e.g. share prices have been erratic this month)

explain: projected figures

= planned figures

explain: to err on the side of caution

to be cautious

what's a conservative estimate?

simply a cautious estimate

provide another word for a total

an aggregate (e.g. the aggregate was 60k)

what's a blip?

a minor problem or delay that does not last very long

difference between two things that should be the same

a discrepancy (between)

explain: flawed numbers

inaccurate numbers

not in agreement with sth (about e.g. data)

inconsistent with (e.g. our data is inconsistent with yours)

what's a ballpark figure/estimate?

a number that is a guess, but one that you believe is near the correct number:

explain: to tot everything up

to add everything up

explain: to run into six figures

get a figure over 100,000

what are variables?

different factors that may change

explain: to round things down

zaokrąglać w dół (e.g. 2.5 -> 2 instead of 3)

provide an adjective from 'discrepancy'

discrepant

explain: to get/give the go-ahead or green light to...

to give official approval for something to be done

explain: to accede to sth

to accept but often associated with initial unwilingness

to agree to something or to accept something, although you do not want to

to acquiesce (in/to sth)

explain: to assent to sth

to agree to or give official approval to something

to give official permission

authorise

explain: condone

to approve or allow sth which most people consider to be wrong

explain: to countenance [formal]

to approve of or give support to something

explain: to give carte blanche to do sth

to give complete freedom to do something (e.g. The landlord has given her carte blanche to redecorate the living room)

explain: to bar

to prevent something or someone from doing something or going somewhere, or to refuse to allow something

explain: clamp down (on sth)

to make a determined attempt to stop people doing something bad or illegal (The government plans to clamp down on illegal militant groups.)

to make sth illegal

to outlaw sth

Enough is enough!

used for saying that something must stop

to be opposed to something, or to express your opposition to it in words

to object (to sth / to doing sth)

explain: to protest about

to strongly express complaint, disapproval or disagreement

explain: to remonstrate

1. w/ sb -> to complain to sb, 2. about sth -> to complain about sth

explain: to find fault with sb (noun: fault-finding)

to criticize someone or something, often after deliberately looking for mistakes

explain: grumble about sth / at sb

to complain, especially continuously and about unimportant things (e.g. She grumbles at her employees over the slightest thing.)

explain: to gripe about sth (also: to grouse about, to whinge about)

to complain about something that is annoying but not very important

what's a pretext?

a pretended reason for doing sth rather than real reason

a strong sad and guilty feeling about something that you have done wrong

a remorse (verb: to show/feel remorse for sth)

declared not guilty

acquitted (verb: acquit sb of sth)

explain: posthumous pardon

an official forgiveness after someone's death for crimes they were unjustly convicted for

explain: to repent

to recognize that you have done something wrong and to feel ashamed and sorry about it, especially when you have done something against the rules of your religion

explain: to exonerate

to declare someone to be free of guilt

to officially decide not to kill someone who was going to be killed as a punishment

to reprieve

żelazne alibi

cast-iron alibi

explain: flimsy (adj)

1. not very reliable, or not easy to believe (e.g. a flimsy excuse), 2. badly built or made, and so likely to break easily (e.g. flimsy huts)

a formal agreement between enemies to stop fighting a war

an armistice

an agreement to stop fighting for a period of time, especially in order to discuss permanent peace

a ceasefire

prawić komuś komplementy

to pay sb compliments (on sth)

explain: to fish for compliments

to try to get people to say good things about you

compliments both positive and negative at the same time (1. malicious, 2. made innocently)

1. a back-handed compliment 2. a double-edged compliment

explain: to pay tribute to sb/sth

to praise someone or something

explain: to extol the virtues/benefits of sb

to praise highly [formal]

be the toast of sth

to be admired for some recent achievement (often used about artists/celebrities) | e.g. be the toast of Broadway -> być bożyszczem Broadwayu

explain: to earn/win plaudits

to get positive comments [formal]

provide verbs to describe praising sb for your own benefit

1. to flatter, 2. to make up to 3. to suck up to 4. to lick someone's boots

provide adjectives/nouns to describe sb who praises someone for their own benefit

adj: smarmy, slimy, noun: a crawler, a flatterer (neutral)

to promise sb a great deal, usually implies that a promise is unrealistic

to promise someone the earth/moon

having legally promised to tell the truth

under oath

explain: to swear to sth

to be totally sure (e.g. I couldn't swear to it)

to change your life by starting to be a better person or stopping a bad habit

to turn over a new leaf

to break a promise

to go back on your word

provide a formal noun for 'a bet'

a wager (also a verb: to wager)

what's the​/​someone’s best bet

the thing or action that gives the best chance of a successful result

don't bet on it!

= don't do it because it's unlikely to happen

explain: to have a flair for sth

to be very skilful at something

explain: to put good money on = to bet your life on

to be sure of sth

to refuse very firmly to do or accept something

put your foot down (= postawić na swoim)

explain: to hedge your bets

to protect yourself from the results of making a single wrong choice

to be careful to avoid being tricked or getting into a dangerous situation

to be on (your) guard

explain: to be out of touch (w/ sb or sth)

1. w/ sb - to not see, speak to, or write to someone any longer, 2. w/ sth - to no longer have recent knowledge or information about something

to think about something that happened in the past

to think back (to sth)

to receive any news about sb/sth

to hear anything of sb/sth

explain: to lose touch with sb/sth

1. w/ sb - to no longer communicate with someone, 2. w/ sth - to no longer have recent knowledge of something or someone, so that you do not understand that thing or person well (e.g. He never lost touch with Mexican culture.)

explain: to have a vague memory of sth

not a very clear memory

to talk, think, or write about enjoyable experiences in your past

to reminisce about sth

explain: a pang

a sudden sharp feeling, especially of painful emotion (e.g. a pang of jealousy, guilt, regret)

to feel sorry about an event and wish it had not happened

to rue

explain: to have a heart of gold

to have a kind and generous character

to feel or express great sadness, especially because of someone's death

to mourn

explain: to tally with sth

to match or agree with something else (e.g. The numbers on your spreadsheet don't tally with ours.)

explain: to concur with [formal]

to agree or have the same opinion (e.g. The new report concurs with previous findings.)

explain: to find yourself in full accord with

to be in complete agreement with

explain: to coincide (with)

1. to be the same or similar (e.g. If our schedules coincide, we'll go to Spain together.), 2. to happen at or near the same time (e.g. I timed my holiday to coincide with the children's.)

explain: to conform to/with sth

to obey a rule or reach the necessary stated standard, or to do things in a traditional way

explain: to agree to differ

If two people agree to differ, they accept that they have different opinions about something and stop trying to persuade each other that they are right.

explain: a dissent

strong disagreement, especially with what people in authority think or with what the majority of people think

explain: a discord

lack of agreement or harmony

to solve a problem or ending an argument in which both people or groups accept that they cannot have everything they want

reach/arrive at/come to a compromise:

explain: a concession

sth you give or allow to sb in order to reach an agreement (verb: to make a concession)

explain: discretion

choice, or the right to make a choice, based on judgment

explain: to exercise one's discretion

to decide based on what you think is most suitable in a particular situation (= to decide on your own authority / at your pleasure)

explain: to advocate

to argue in favour of sth (e.g. She advocates less government interference in the economy)

explain: to deduce sth (from sth)

to know something as a result of considering the information or evidence that you have

explain: to infer (from sth)

to reach a conclusion indirectly (= to form an opinion about something that is based on information that you already have)

add at the end

to append

to partially cover the same material

to overlap with someone else's work

explain: empirical work

based on what's observed rather than theory

explain: ambiguous work

open to different interpretations

explain: coherent work

logically structured

explain: comprehensive work

covering all that is relevant

explain: authoritative work

thorough and expert (= complete, careful, detailed, e.g. this is a very thorough analysis.)

explain: arbitrary numbers

based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system.

explain: distort (about statistics)

if statistics distort the picture, they give a false impression

explain: incidence (of sth)

the rate at which something happens (e.g. The incidence of financial fraud among companies having an audit decreased threefold in the last ten years.)

more noticeable or important, or larger in number, than others (adj)

predominant (e.g. research forms the predominant part of my job.)

explain: in sequence / out of sequence

w kolejności / bez zachowania kolejności (e.g. The program goes through the data in sequence.) | sequence = a series of related things or events, or the order in which they happen

explain: to denote

to represent or mean something (e.g. his angry tone denoted extreme displeasure.)

to say something again, once or several times

to reiterate = to repeat = to restate

to be a perfect example of sth

to epitomise sth (syn. to typify, e.g. With his blond, blue-eyed athletic looks, he typifies the all-American boy next door.)

explain: all-American

considered to be typical of the US, and respected and approved of by Americans

explain: clean-cut (adj)

A clean-cut man is tidy in appearance and behaves well (e.g. Julie's fiancé is a nice clean-cut young man.)

explain: to assert yourself

to behave in a way that expresses your confidence, importance, or power and earns you respect from others (e.g. I really must assert myself more in meetings.)

to say that something is certainly true

to assert

explain: to posit [formal]

to suggest something as a basic fact or principle from which a further idea is formed or developed

explain: account for sth

1. to explain the reason for something (e.g. that may account for the slower adoption rates for internet access.), 2. to form the total of; to be (e.g. Students account for the vast majority of our customers.)

explain: to touch upon

to include sth only briefly

to include something, often as one of a number of things

to embrace (e.g. linguistics embraces a diverse range of subjects such as phonetics and stylistics.)

explain: to scribble

to write quickly, without much care

explain: to doodle

to draw and write irrelevant things on the paper

explain: to copy sth out

If you copy out a piece of writing, you write it out again on a piece of paper

provide a formal way of saying 'jot down'

to make a note of something

make a first attempt at writing sth

to draft

to record information on paper

to write down

explain: to write up

to make a proper final written text based on previous drafts

to use a keyboard without looking at the keys

to touch-type

a typed copy of a piece of writing such as a book

a typescript (= maszynopis)

explain: to run off a copy

to quickly print a copy of something (e.g. Would you mind running off some more copies of the agenda?)

what are these brackets called? <>

diamond/angle brackets

name these brackets: ()

round brackets

name these brackets: []

square brackets

name these brackets: {}

curly brackets

indeks górny

superscript

explain: have a thing about sth/sb

to like or dislike something or someone very much

explain: to get it together [informal]

to make a decision or take positive action in your life (e.g. Blake has really got it together since I last saw him - he has started a new job and lost a lot of weight.)

explain: to get sb to yourself

to be alone w/ sb

an expression used to show that a criticism or a rude remark does not refer to the people you are talking to

present company excepted (e.g. People here just don't know how to dress, present company excepted.)

for one thing... for another thing...

firstly..., secondly...

a bowl with small holes in it, used for washing food or for emptying food into when it has been cooked in water

a colander (= durszlak)

a piece of kitchen equipment in the shape of a tube that you use to make pastry flat and thin before you cook it

rolling pin (= wałek do ciasta)

an object that is shaped like half a circle and is used for measuring and drawing angles

a protractor (= kątomierz)

myself included

wliczając mnie

somewhere in the region of (e.g. 600 eur)

around/about (e.g. 600 eur)

a week or so -> more than a week but unclear how much more

e.g. it's going to take a week or so

explain: a smattering (only signular)

a small amount of something

explain: a dash / a smidgen of sth

very small quantity

explain: a dollop

usually a small amount (but you can also say a large dollop)

explain: sth along those lines

in a similar way (e.g. The first day there is usually a welcome dinner or something along those lines.)

explain: suchlike

used for referring to things of the same kind as those that you have already mentioned (e.g. we sell books, magazines and suchlike)

to say something in a way that is not loud or clear enough so that your words are difficult to understand

to mumble / to mutter

to frequently ask someone to do something that they do not want to do

to nag someone to do sth

to frequently criticize someone, often for qualities or habits that are difficult to change

to nag someone about sth

explain: to bicker (w/ someone) about sth

to argue in an irritated way, usually about sth petty (syn. squabble)

to criticise someone in an insulting way [informal]

to slag someone off

explain: to chat away

same as to chat but suggests light, non-serious talk

explain: to wind sb up

to trick someone by telling them something that is not true (e.g. At first I thought they were winding me up.)

to say nice things because you want something from someone (negative connotations)

to butter sb up

to have difficulty in saying an 's' sound and making a 'th' sound instead

to lisp (= seplenić)

to speak or say something with unusual pauses or repeated sounds, either because of speech problems or because of fear or nervousness

to stammer = to stutter (= jąkać się, zacinać się)

a way of speaking in which the words are not pronounced clearly or separately, for example when the speaker is very tired or drunk

a slur (also to slur) | often bc of too much alcohol

explain: tongue-tied [informal][adjective]

unable to speak because you are nervous or embarrassed

explain: a bedsit

a flat w/ only one room which is a bedroom and a sitting room

explain: a sitcom

short for situational comedy; a kind of humorous TV programme

explain: a biopic

short for biographical picture; a film about the life of a real person

explain: to be out of touch (w/ sb or sth)

1. w/ sb - to not see, speak to, or write to someone any longer, 2. w/ sth - to no longer have recent knowledge or information about something

to think about something that happened in the past

to think back (to sth)

to receive any news about sb/sth

to hear anything of sb/sth

explain: to lose touch with sb/sth

1. w/ sb - to no longer communicate with someone, 2. w/ sth - to no longer have recent knowledge of something or someone, so that you do not understand that thing or person well (e.g. He never lost touch with Mexican culture.)

explain: to have a vague memory of sth

not a very clear memory

to talk, think, or write about enjoyable experiences in your past

to reminisce about sth

explain: a pang

a sudden sharp feeling, especially of painful emotion (e.g. a pang of jealousy, guilt, regret)

to feel sorry about an event and wish it had not happened

to rue

explain: to have a heart of gold

to have a kind and generous character

to feel or express great sadness, especially because of someone's death

to mourn

explain: to tally with sth

to match or agree with something else (e.g. The numbers on your spreadsheet don't tally with ours.)

explain: to concur with [formal]

to agree or have the same opinion (e.g. The new report concurs with previous findings.)

explain: to find yourself in full accord with

to be in complete agreement with

explain: to coincide (with)

1. to be the same or similar (e.g. If our schedules coincide, we'll go to Spain together.), 2. to happen at or near the same time (e.g. I timed my holiday to coincide with the children's.)

explain: to conform to/with sth

to obey a rule or reach the necessary stated standard, or to do things in a traditional way

explain: to agree to differ

If two people agree to differ, they accept that they have different opinions about something and stop trying to persuade each other that they are right.

explain: a dissent

strong disagreement, especially with what people in authority think or with what the majority of people think

explain: a discord

lack of agreement or harmony

to solve a problem or ending an argument in which both people or groups accept that they cannot have everything they want

reach/arrive at/come to a compromise:

explain: a concession

sth you give or allow to sb in order to reach an agreement (verb: to make a concession)

explain: discretion

choice, or the right to make a choice, based on judgment

explain: to exercise one's discretion

to decide based on what you think is most suitable in a particular situation (= to decide on your own authority / at your pleasure)

explain: to advocate

to argue in favour of sth (e.g. She advocates less government interference in the economy)

explain: to deduce sth (from sth)

to know something as a result of considering the information or evidence that you have

explain: to infer (from sth)

to reach a conclusion indirectly (= to form an opinion about something that is based on information that you already have)

add at the end

to append

to partially cover the same material

to overlap with someone else's work

explain: empirical work

based on what's observed rather than theory

explain: ambiguous work

open to different interpretations

explain: coherent work

logically structured

explain: comprehensive work

covering all that is relevant

explain: authoritative work

thorough and expert (= complete, careful, detailed, e.g. this is a very thorough analysis.)

explain: arbitrary numbers

based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system.

explain: distort (about statistics)

if statistics distort the picture, they give a false impression

explain: incidence (of sth)

the rate at which something happens (e.g. The incidence of financial fraud among companies having an audit decreased threefold in the last ten years.)

more noticeable or important, or larger in number, than others (adj)

predominant (e.g. research forms the predominant part of my job.)

explain: in sequence / out of sequence

w kolejności / bez zachowania kolejności (e.g. The program goes through the data in sequence.) | sequence = a series of related things or events, or the order in which they happen

explain: to denote

to represent or mean something (e.g. his angry tone denoted extreme displeasure.)

to say something again, once or several times

to reiterate = to repeat = to restate

to be a perfect example of sth

to epitomise sth (syn. to typify, e.g. With his blond, blue-eyed athletic looks, he typifies the all-American boy next door.)

explain: all-American

considered to be typical of the US, and respected and approved of by Americans

explain: clean-cut (adj)

A clean-cut man is tidy in appearance and behaves well (e.g. Julie's fiancé is a nice clean-cut young man.)

explain: to assert yourself

to behave in a way that expresses your confidence, importance, or power and earns you respect from others (e.g. I really must assert myself more in meetings.)

to say that something is certainly true

to assert

explain: to posit [formal]

to suggest something as a basic fact or principle from which a further idea is formed or developed

explain: account for sth

1. to explain the reason for something (e.g. that may account for the slower adoption rates for internet access.), 2. to form the total of; to be (e.g. Students account for the vast majority of our customers.)

explain: to touch upon

to include sth only briefly

to include something, often as one of a number of things

to embrace (e.g. linguistics embraces a diverse range of subjects such as phonetics and stylistics.)

explain: to scribble

to write quickly, without much care

explain: to doodle

to draw and write irrelevant things on the paper

explain: to copy sth out

If you copy out a piece of writing, you write it out again on a piece of paper

provide a formal way of saying 'jot down'

to make a note of something

make a first attempt at writing sth

to draft

to record information on paper

to write down

explain: to write up

to make a proper final written text based on previous drafts

to use a keyboard without looking at the keys

to touch-type

a typed copy of a piece of writing such as a book

a typescript (= maszynopis)

explain: to run off a copy

to quickly print a copy of something (e.g. Would you mind running off some more copies of the agenda?)

what are these brackets called? <>

diamond/angle brackets

name these brackets: ()

round brackets

name these brackets: []

square brackets

name these brackets: {}

curly brackets

indeks górny

superscript

explain: have a thing about sth/sb

to like or dislike something or someone very much

explain: to get it together [informal]

to make a decision or take positive action in your life (e.g. Blake has really got it together since I last saw him - he has started a new job and lost a lot of weight.)

explain: to get sb to yourself

to be alone w/ sb

an expression used to show that a criticism or a rude remark does not refer to the people you are talking to

present company excepted (e.g. People here just don't know how to dress, present company excepted.)

for one thing... for another thing...

firstly..., secondly...

a bowl with small holes in it, used for washing food or for emptying food into when it has been cooked in water

a colander (= durszlak)

a piece of kitchen equipment in the shape of a tube that you use to make pastry flat and thin before you cook it

rolling pin (= wałek do ciasta)

an object that is shaped like half a circle and is used for measuring and drawing angles

a protractor (= kątomierz)

myself included

wliczając mnie

somewhere in the region of (e.g. 600 eur)

around/about (e.g. 600 eur)

a week or so -> more than a week but unclear how much more

e.g. it's going to take a week or so

explain: a smattering (only signular)

a small amount of something

explain: a dash / a smidgen of sth

very small quantity

explain: a dollop

usually a small amount (but you can also say a large dollop)

explain: sth along those lines

in a similar way (e.g. The first day there is usually a welcome dinner or something along those lines.)

explain: suchlike

used for referring to things of the same kind as those that you have already mentioned (e.g. we sell books, magazines and suchlike)

to say something in a way that is not loud or clear enough so that your words are difficult to understand

to mumble / to mutter

to frequently ask someone to do something that they do not want to do

to nag someone to do sth

to frequently criticize someone, often for qualities or habits that are difficult to change

to nag someone about sth

explain: to bicker (w/ someone) about sth

to argue in an irritated way, usually about sth petty (syn. squabble)

to criticise someone in an insulting way [informal]

to slag someone off

explain: to chat away

same as to chat but suggests light, non-serious talk

explain: to wind sb up

to trick someone by telling them something that is not true (e.g. At first I thought they were winding me up.)

to say nice things because you want something from someone (negative connotations)

to butter sb up

to have difficulty in saying an 's' sound and making a 'th' sound instead

to lisp (= seplenić)

to speak or say something with unusual pauses or repeated sounds, either because of speech problems or because of fear or nervousness

to stammer = to stutter (= jąkać się, zacinać się)

a way of speaking in which the words are not pronounced clearly or separately, for example when the speaker is very tired or drunk

a slur (also to slur) | often bc of too much alcohol

explain: tongue-tied [informal][adjective]

unable to speak because you are nervous or embarrassed

explain: a bedsit

a flat w/ only one room which is a bedroom and a sitting room

explain: a sitcom

short for situational comedy; a kind of humorous TV programme

explain: a biopic

short for biographical picture; a film about the life of a real person