→ Descriptive Grammar →开始学习 /下载MP3 Flashcards

问题		答案
nouns podzial 开始学习		proper, common count, not-count
no-count liczymy za pomoca 开始学习		classifiers
verbs podzial 开始学习		static dynamic
verbs podzial participants 开始学习		intransitive, monotransitive, ditransitive, complex transitive
intransitive verbs 开始学习		one participant - john is running
monotransutive 开始学习		2 participants - mary knows the president
ditransitive 开始学习		3 participants- john gave mary the dollars
seem 开始学习		copular
appear 开始学习		copular
sound 开始学习		copular
turn 开始学习		copular
look 开始学习		copular
smell 开始学习		copular
taste 开始学习		copular
feel 开始学习		copular
get 开始学习		copukar
complex transitive verbs 开始学习		mary considers john an imposter
believe 开始学习		complex transit
consider 开始学习		complex transit
find 开始学习		complex transit
judge 开始学习		complex transit
keep 开始学习		comlex transit
think 开始学习		complex transit
know 开始学习		complex transit
presume 开始学习		complex teansit
presume 开始学习		complex transit
many 开始学习		det
all 开始学习		det
that 开始学习		sub
verbs podzial 开始学习		modal, non-modal auxiliary
following 开始学习		adj
podzial czasownikow 开始学习		lexical, modal, non-modal auxuliary
korygować 开始学习		revise
konczyc 开始学习		terminate
wytlumaczyc 开始学习		account for
at home 开始学习		wyrazenie przyimkowe
in time 开始学习		prepositional phrase
with me 开始学习		prepositional phrase
at home 开始学习		prepositional phrase
word classes ile 开始学习		8
words podzial 开始学习		content, function
concent words 开始学习		lexical morphemes
function words 开始学习		grammatical morphemes
noncount 开始学习		masscount
nouns podzial 开始学习		concrete, abstract, collective
several 开始学习		determiner
which 开始学习		determiner
whose 开始学习		determiner
degree words 开始学习		intensifiers -rather, very, so
Adjective rodzaje 开始学习		attributive, predicative
lexical verb 开始学习		main verb
paradigm 开始学习		set of all inflectional forms of the word
rodzaje przymiotnikow ze wzgledu na stopniowanie 开始学习		analytical, synthetic
determiners rola 开始学习		they determine the noun phrase
reference 开始学习		definite, indefinite
indefinite reference 开始学习		specific, unspecific
prepozirions podział 开始学习		spacial, temporal
coordinators 开始学习		join the elements of the same status
subordinator 开始学习		introduct clauses
subordinator 开始学习		introduct clauses
subordinator 开始学习		introduct clauses
clause 开始学习		full grammatical unit
too 开始学习		degree word
most 开始学习		degree word
need 开始学习		auxiliary
whatever 开始学习		determiner
lexicon 开始学习		the inventory of all the morphemes
aka 开始学习		also known as
word class 开始学习		lclass of expressions which share a common set of grammatical properties
distribution 开始学习		the environment in which the members of s class typically occur
losowy 开始学习		arbitrary
jednostka 开始学习		entity
zewnetrzny 开始学习		external
classifiers 开始学习		unit nouns
verbs odmiana 开始学习		six-term inflectional paradigm
fairly 开始学习		degree modifier
very 开始学习		degree modifier
three years 开始学习		measure phrase
predictive adjectives 开始学习		complements of a copular verb
zdrajca 开始学习		traitor
her 开始学习		determiner
hers 开始学习		pronoun
inflwction 开始学习		adjusting to the context
derivation 开始学习		morphological operations by wchich new words are formed
root 开始学习		carries the lexical information
interfix 开始学习		goes in between(o)
infix 开始学习		inside a single lexem
circumfix 开始学习		en
3 types of compounds 开始学习		endocentric, exocentric, appositional
appositional 开始学习		both elements have equal status
exocentric 开始学习		u cant say that 1 element is more important than the other
endocentric 开始学习		1 element describes the other
conversion 开始学习		lexical recategorisation
back-formation 开始学习		removing part of the word that we have
reduplication 开始学习		repetition of the word/slight chanfe
clipping 开始学习		cutting the part of the word
blending 开始学习		we take 2 words clip one element and put together
acronomization 开始学习		taking the first letters, sylabs
internal modification 开始学习		creating new words by substituting the sounds
another 开始学习		pronoun
morphology 开始学习		deals with internal structure of words
morphem 开始学习		the smallest component of the world
simple words simplexes 开始学习		lexical items made of one morpheme
podzial na words 开始学习		simple words, complex words
concatenative processes 开始学习		putting together a basr and an affix or two or more morphemes
non-concatenative processes 开始学习		no morpheme is joined with another morpheme
cicumfix 开始学习		in- unproductive in english
types of morphrmes 开始学习		prefix, suffix, root, interfix,
compounding 开始学习		concatenation of at least two root morphemes
girlfriend 开始学习		appositional
woman dictor 开始学习		appositional
woman doctor 开始学习		appositional
sleepwalk 开始学习		appositional
tennis shoe 开始学习		endocentric
kitchen chair 开始学习		endocentric
sit-in 开始学习		exocentric
pickpocket 开始学习		exocentric
redhead 开始学习		exocentric
borrowings 开始学习		enter a language from the system of another panguage
many 开始学习		specifier
our 开始学习		specifier
so 开始学习		specifier
too 开始学习		specifier
right 开始学习		specifier
quite 开始学习		specifier
just 开始学习		specifier
word form 开始学习		the different ways a word can the context of languageexist in
head 开始学习		minimal projection
phrases r endocentric 开始学习		they r built around the head successively
constituency test N 开始学习		N - one/ones, pronoun,
constituencg tests v 开始学习		do so, ellipsis, did
constituency tests 开始学习		movement: topic, postponing, subject aux inversion, passive for NP
tom 开始学习		volume
argument structure 开始学习		the number and kinds of arguments a predicate takes
podmiot 开始学习		subject
orzeczenie 开始学习		predicate
agent restructions 开始学习		nie stative verb with experiencer
what x did was 开始学习		x - agent, force, cause
what happend to x was 开始学习		x - patient, theme
causative alternation 开始学习		jane broke the cup
inochative alternation 开始学习		the cup broke
(indefinite) object drop 开始学习		mike ate (the cake)
dative alternation 开始学习		bill sold tom a car, bill sold a car to tom
benefactive alternation 开始学习		martha carved a toy for the baby- the baby a toy
locative alternation 开始学习		jack sprayed the wall WITH paint/the table OF dishes
middle alternation 开始学习		this book reads well
adding goal pp 开始学习		John drove (to Paris)
understood reflexive object alternation 开始学习		john shaves in the morning
agent 开始学习		animate initiator
force 开始学习		inanimate cause of an action
instrument 开始学习		the means by which an event is caused
experiencer 开始学习		the animate being affected inwardly
source 开始学习		the place from which an action emnate
goal 开始学习		the place to which or pwrson to whom an action is dorected
path 开始学习		the path taken in moving from one place to another
location 开始学习		the place at/in which or time at which an action occurs
possessor 开始学习		the possessor of a thing
inalienable possession 开始学习		Judy’s head
alienable possession 开始学习		judys car
benefactive 开始学习		the person/thing for which an action is performed
factitive 开始学习		the object resulting from an action having no prior existence
patient 开始学习		a person or thing affected by an action
patient 开始学习		undergoes a change
theme 开始学习		undergoes actiob transferred/moved
neutral 开始学习		person/thing not changed but simply presented
range 开始学习		specification/limitatiin of an action
role 开始学习		a person playing a role/part in an action
direct object 开始学习		who what
indirect object 开始学习		to whom for whom
case frame 开始学习		abstract specification of the thematic role possibilities for each predicate
predicates 开始学习		relations or operations carried out on the participants
arguments 开始学习		the participants
testing dynamism 开始学习		ing
testing durativity 开始学习		check po: for 10 minutes/until dawn
testing telicity 开始学习		for 10 minutes, in 10 minutes
active voice subject 开始学习		agent experiencer
passive voice subkect 开始学习		patient/theme
passivisation 开始学习		complemment becomes the subject
obligatory by phrase with: 开始学习		follow, precede
the double object construction forces 开始学习		the possessive relation
rules for how u interpret words and their combinations 开始学习		semantics
rules for putting words together in phrases and sentences 开始学习		syntax
the chemical composition of waterbis h2o 开始学习		timeless statement
cicha woda brzegi rwie 开始学习		Still waters run deep
i think 开始学习		state
przeslanka, zlozenje 开始学习		premise
I will 开始学习		premise
I am 开始学习		intention
i’m going to 开始学习		strong intention
will you be going 开始学习		asking about plans
will you go 开始学习		request
I was meeting 开始学习		the meeting started before
i have been very busy 开始学习		still february, 0 nit completed
I had hoped 开始学习		in the past
I was hoping 开始学习		polite expression
has been placing 开始学习		repeated action — keep doing it
has killed rabbits 开始学习		no more rabbits
has been killing rabbits 开始学习		some rabbits still
I didnt’t have time in the morning 开始学习		no longer the morning
I haven’t had time in the morning 开始学习		morning still
where has steve gone for his holiday 开始学习		he is still on holidays
where has steve been going for 开始学习		repeated action
where did steve go for 开始学习		he is no longer there
rules of X’ syntax 开始学习		rules for adding a complement, adjunct, specifier to a head
clause 开始学习		sentence-elements or the parts sentences are built from
4 levels analyse 开始学习		word level, phrase level, clause level, sentence level
syntactic units the rank scale 开始学习		1.) sentence 2.) clause 3.) phrase 4.) word/lexical category
subordinate clause 开始学习		embedded clause
subordinate/embeeded clause 开始学习		clause within a main clause
that 开始学习		conjunction/subordinator
sentence 开始学习		independent unit of syntax
clause 开始学习		may be dependent/independent
finite verb 开始学习		verb inflected for tense and/or agreement
sentence are always 开始学习		finite
subordinate clauses 开始学习		finite/non-finite
finite verb forms 开始学习		carry tense (and agreement)
if clauses 开始学习		always finite
modal auxiliaries 开始学习		finite verb forms
that clauses 开始学习		always finite
bare infinitive 开始学习		non-finite verb form
present participle 开始学习		non-finite verb form
past participle 开始学习		non-finite verb clause
to infinitive 开始学习		non-finite verb clause
main sentence type 开始学习		declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamative
wh - order of declarative sen 开始学习		when wh word corresponds to subject or complement of copula verb
imperative sentences 开始学习		finite
exclamative sentence 开始学习		initial wh word, do not display subject auxiliary inversion
dependent finite clauses form 开始学习		that, if, wh
dependent finite clauses, syntactic functions 开始学习		subject clauses, direct object claused, adjunct clauses
np as a direct object 开始学习		I know (this book)
clause as a direct object 开始学习		I know (that john will come)
Np as subject 开始学习		(his phone-call) surprised me
clause as subject 开始学习		(that john came) surprised me
finite adjunct clauses 开始学习		I will repair it (when I return)
that clauses 开始学习		cannot function as adjunctd
to inf as a direct object with an overt subject 开始学习		Ann considers (Helen to be an excellent director)
to infinitive clauses as direct object without an overt subjct 开始学习		Gary wants to leave
to inf clause as direct object with wh word 开始学习		he forgot ehat to sat to the examiners
to infinite clause as a subjct with overt subject 开始学习		(for u to park here) would be illigal
to inf clause as subject without overt subj 开始学习		to park here is illegal
to inf clauses as adjuncts with an overt subject 开始学习		(for marry to pass her driving test) she will need to takr many more lessons
to inf clauses as adjuncts without an overt subject 开始学习		in order to/ so as to
bare infinitive clauses as adjunct 开始学习		eather than, sooner than, NO OVERT SUabJECT
taxi 开始学习		cab
ing participle as adjunct 开始学习		(the streets being completrly deserted) Jackie preferred to take a cub
ing participle clause as adjunct without a sub of their oen 开始学习		(working on his essay late), tom was quickly becoming tired
ed participle clause as adjunct with a subject of his owb 开始学习		we were all excited (the plan sccepted by the government)
ed part clause as adjunct eithout subject of their oen 开始学习		formulated clearly, thid dtatement will caude no problems
dusic sie 开始学习		suffocate
function of claused complement of n 开始学习		idea, information, command, suggestion, question
clause as a compømnt of AP 开始学习		I sm (eager (to work with u))
clause complment of p 开始学习		he is uncertain (pp about (what u said to me))
relative clauses adjuncts 开始学习		restrictive = defining relative clause
restrictive(relative clauses) 开始学习		info that is necessary for identifying the referent of the np
clauses as adjuncts 开始学习		non restrictive = non-defining clauses
non-restrictive clauses 开始学习		does not add further info that cobtributes to identifying the referent of np
non restrictive rel clauses 开始学习		marked by commas
complementizers non- finite clauses 开始学习		r introduced by FOR I want (for u to be happy)
that necessary 开始学习		clause as subject/ complement
that required 开始学习		if the clausal compøement is moved to the left
for required: 开始学习		complement separated from the verb, pseudo clefts
for required in non-f if cl 开始学习		has an overt subjects, functions as subject or adjunct
if whether as complmntizers 开始学习		always obligatory!!!
if introduces 开始学习		FINITE embeeded claused
Whether introduces 开始学习		FINITE and NON-FINITE embedded clauses
lexical entry 开始学习		1.) gram category 2.) argument structure 3.) thematic structure 4.) subcategorization frame
parts of speech 开始学习		words
or, and, but = parts of speech 开始学习		coordinators
that if part of speech 开始学习		subordinator
your time is up 开始学习		A
the balloons rose up to the sky 开始学习		Adv
they live just up the street from us 开始学习		P
the dog tore up the slipper 开始学习		prt
major word classes 开始学习		lexical categories
minor word classes 开始学习		functional cat
kostka masla 开始学习		a stick of butter
classifier with count noun 开始学习		a heap of books
copular verbs 开始学习		1 participant + 1 constituent
she got her hair wet 开始学习		comolex transitive
participants 开始学习		arguments
verbs 开始学习		predicators
adjectives 开始学习		* gradable * non-gradable
synthetic inflection for grade 开始学习		old-older-oldedest
analytical inflection for grafe 开始学习		beutiful - more beautiful
fairly 开始学习		degree modifier / measure phrase
very, extremely, three years 开始学习		degree modifier, measure phrase
very, rather, extremely 开始学习		degree adverbs
A vs Adverbs 开始学习		Adverbs do not combine with nouns in Attributive position
primary auxiliaries 开始学习		have, be
dummy auxiliary 开始学习		do
this/ that 开始学习		demonstratives
determiners 开始学习		articles, demonstratives, possessives
my his her 开始学习		determiner
hers 开始学习		pronoun
indefinite reference 开始学习		specific/ unspecific
come round the corner 开始学习		P
come roumd with some fresh air 开始学习		adv
idle 开始学习		próżnować, bezczynny
adjectives 开始学习		4 subcategories
abstract to concrete 开始学习		personality- a personality
mass to count 开始学习		beer -> 2 beers
count to mass 开始学习		1 garlic - the smell of garlic
one of the major types of morphologucal operations by which new words r formed 开始学习		derivation
simple wirds= morphological simplexes 开始学习		lexical items made of one morpheme
morph 开始学习		free morph bound morph
free morph 开始学习		root
affix 开始学习		always a bound root
derivational affix 开始学习		prefix/ suffix
simple word 开始学习		1 free root
complex word 开始学习		1 free root + 1/more bound morphs
compund word 开始学习		2 free roots
compound - complex 开始学习		2 free roots+ bound morphs
derivation 开始学习		additiom of a word-forming afix
conversion 开始学习		functional shift
functional shift 开始学习		conversion
a combination of two or more free roots 开始学习		compound
root creation 开始学习		invention of an entirely new root morpheme
prefix 开始学习		un, mis, over
suffix 开始学习		er, ship, ful, ist
interfix 开始学习		gramophone
infix 开始学习		kangabloodyroo
circumfix 开始学习		enliven
compouding 开始学习		concatenation of at least two root morphemes
endocentric comp 开始学习		kitchen chair
exocentric compound 开始学习		pickpocket, redhead
appositional compund 开始学习		woman doctor
conversion 开始学习		empty (adj) -> to rmpty
clipping 开始学习		fridge
blending 开始学习		workoholic
acronymization 开始学习		VIP
internal modification 开始学习		iife-live, drip- drop, feed-food
borrowings 开始学习		hamburger, pin, pit
borrowings from eng 开始学习		spruce, britzka
* know the ansers źle bo 开始学习		imperative require eventive verb + agent
know the anwers zle bo nie moze byc 开始学习		stative verb, experiencer
only ... license purpose clauses 开始学习		agent
what y did to x 开始学习		y - agent/animate cause
bil liked the film 开始学习		source
locative alternation. henry cleared dieshes from the table 开始学习		henry cleared the table of dishes
john drove - john drove to paris 开始学习		adding goal pp
john shaves in the morning 开始学习		understood reflexive object alternation
this book reads easily 开始学习		middle alternation
the situation types differ in 开始学习		dynamism, durativity, trlicity
dynamic test 开始学习		checking if predicate is compatible eith progressive aspect
state can be used in the progressive 开始学习		if a state can be interpreted as temporary or the degree
durativity test 开始学习		checking if predicate is compatible with pp like for 10 minutes/until dawn
the plane flee 开始学习		atelic
she ate a bowl of rice 开始学习		telic
she ate rice 开始学习		atelic
telicy test 开始学习		checking which temporal adverbial is compatible with the verbal predicate
telic situations test 开始学习		in ten minutes
atelic situation test 开始学习		fir ten minuted
pp measure in telic situations must measure 开始学习		the duration of the situation
she opened the windows for 10 minutes 开始学习		telic- pp measures the duration
the can will explode in 2 minutes 开始学习		telic
twierdzic 开始学习		to assert
* i think about my work now 开始学习		think involves mental activity
progressive aspect with punctual events 开始学习		only to express repetitions
the soldier was dying 开始学习		lead to a punctual event
np as adjunct 开始学习		yesterday/last year/ the minth before/this second
advP as adjunct 开始学习		urgently, repeatedly, officially
pp as adjunct 开始学习		in a rush
pp as adjunct 开始学习		outdide London, in some ways, by the council
* john closed (carefully) the door 开始学习		an adjunct cannot separate the verb from its direct object
adjuncts can stack 开始学习		I saw the film (several times) (last year)
complements of prepositions 开始学习		np, pp(out of love) clause uncertain about what you sais
complements of adjectives 开始学习		pp - dependend on clause - eager to help
cpmplements of nouns 开始学习		pp (specialisation in), clause -consideration whether, np linguistics student
intransitive verbs 开始学习		not require a complement, may have adjuncts
intransitive verbs do not take a complement 开始学习		william blushed
complements of verb 开始学习		pp listentomusic, np/pp indirect objects hive my brother a present
complement of verbs 开始学习		np - drink two glasses of, clause -confirm that...
happy 开始学习		about/with
np adjunct 开始学习		this week
pp adjunct 开始学习		in the park
ap adjunct 开始学习		very long
np complement 开始学习		read(a book)
pp complement 开始学习		rely (on mary)
ap cpmplement 开始学习		be(very happy)
non-complements and non-adjuncts 开始学习		specifiers
head alone 开始学习		vp - take photos, ap -on the table
bracked diagram for the sentence 开始学习		[tp[np the[ap little] monk ]...
the journalist interviewed in tuxedo 开始学习		the journalist interwiewed him ib s tuxedo
the journalist interviewed in a tuxedo 开始学习		clefting - this is an actor in a tucedo that intereiewed
constituent 开始学习		phrase
the postman lost his keys yesterday constituents 开始学习		he lost it then
how id the meaning determined? 开始学习		passive, auciliary inversion
him, I don‘t like 开始学习		topicalisation
but climp the rockets they never will 开始学习		topicalisation
captain link was examined by the vet 开始学习		passivisation
anna hit with pepper dpray some poor guy 开始学习		heavy np shift
the x’schema 开始学习		intermediate projection, intermediate projection, maximal projection
PS rules 开始学习		generate hierarrchical structure
ps rules 开始学习		tell us how to build phrases
structure building begins wirh the word category 开始学习		the head of the structure
general schems 开始学习		X‘ schema
X 开始学习		head
YP 开始学习		cpnstituent, comolement
X‘ 开始学习		intermediate projection
RP 开始学习		adjunct
ZP 开始学习		specifier
X‘ 开始学习		intermediate structure
english-head initial language 开始学习		complements follow their heads
complement of the verb 开始学习		object
*louise abandonedd 开始学习		project is a complement, it is not omissible
the last constituent that can be merged in a phtlrase 开始学习		specifier
complete phrase 开始学习		a maximal projection of the head
specifier 开始学习		right, straight, very, quite, her, the
the specifier of the sentence 开始学习		subject
syntactic selection is referred to as 开始学习		SUBCATEGORISATION
Endocentricity - phrases are endocentric 开始学习		they r built around the head successively
head 开始学习		the minimal projection
complements 开始学习		expand x into x’
adjuncts 开始学习		expand recursively x’ into x’
specifiers 开始学习		expand x’ into xp
* but jim did so a magazine 开始学习		substitution for the head alone impossible
ellipsis - substitution for np 开始学习		but Jim is not
ellipsis constituemcy tests for vp 开始学习		and nor will jay
the new teacher did 开始学习		replacemrnt for entire vp
preposing = 开始学习		topicalisation
* the spealer they know on the stge 开始学习		no subpart of np moveable
topicalisation 开始学习		the candidate came in for interview and highly intelligent she was indeed
topicalisation 开始学习		the dy before the accident, they walked to the party
talk to him i never will 开始学习		topicalistion
postponing 开始学习		heavy np shift
they presented the speaker on the stage to millicent 开始学习		heavy np shift
subj aux inverdion for dubject nps 开始学习		was the mn with the scar singing songs in desperation?
clefting 开始学习		it is his resignation that the chairman is handing in.
* what the tiger did at the gorilla was smile 开始学习		no part of vp possible
coordinators 开始学习		conjunctions
coordination 开始学习		linking constituents to form larger structures (constituents)
coordination 开始学习		phrases must be syntactically parallel
* lee went to the store and crazy 开始学习		the parallelism allows elements of the same category
coordination involves 开始学习		syntactic and semantic parallelism
black carno, king of sweden 开始学习		only maximal projections/full phrases can occur as sentence fragments
tree and bracket diagrams 开始学习		are representations of constituent structure
constituency tests 开始学习		do sl, ellipsis, did, movement, heavy np shift, subject aux inversion, passive for nps
constituency tests 开始学习		passive for np, clefting, pseudo clefting, coordinstion
verbs describing situations specify 开始学习		whether they r relational or not
relations or operations carried out on the participants 开始学习		predicate
1 place predicate 开始学习		Frank is irish
2 place predicate 开始学习		Diana left the gym
4 place predicate 开始学习		he flew from ny to havana via miami
o place predicate 开始学习		0 place predicates
semantic notions 开始学习		1/2/3 place ptedicate
syntactic notions 开始学习		intransitive/monotransitive/ditransitive
predicates nie tylko verbs tez 开始学习		nouns, adjectives/adverbs, prep
* john is fond 开始学习		2 place predicate - does not allow any arguments to be kmplicit
v envy 开始学习		2 place predicate with 2 obligatory arguments
a envious 开始学习		2 place predicate, one implicit
* they r at 开始学习		at - 2 place predicate
* florence is between milan 开始学习		between- 3 place predicate
nouns as predicated 开始学习		Pauls analysy of the data was superfluous
adjectives as predicates 开始学习		John is envious
prepositions as predicates 开始学习		they r at the station
the bottlw contains alcohol 开始学习		location
people filled the room 开始学习		location
the man with the dog/ with brown hair 开始学习		possessor
coach 开始学习		kareta, powóz
the coast is clearch turned into a punpkin 开始学习		factirive
the chicken was baked by me 开始学习		patient
it costs a hundred dollars 开始学习		range
it weights 80 kilograms 开始学习		range
hum 开始学习		nucić
he hummed a silly tune 开始学习		range
he lived out his life happily 开始学习		range
lexical representation of predicates 开始学习		argument structure
weather predications 开始学习		no referential argument, no thematic relation involved
subcategorisation 开始学习		lets us encode the category of the complement of a lexical item
#my chocolate cake saw the phoneme 开始学习		semantic selection
experiencer 开始学习		encodes animate being
sentient 开始学习		czujący
* john envies 开始学习		out-argument and thematic structure violatiib and subcategorization restriction violation
* john is envious mary 开始学习		out- violates subcategorization restriction of envious
# the car envious mary 开始学习		semantically ill informed
rozwscieczyc 开始学习		enrage
the child took the book off thr shelf 开始学习		source
his leaving pleases me 开始学习		source
the sun gives off heat 开始学习		source
a caterpillar turns into the butterfly 开始学习		source
i walked upstairs 开始学习		goal
she did it for love 开始学习		goal
path 开始学习		over the mountains
along the raiload tracks 开始学习		via
specifier 开始学习		may be obligatory in the phrase
obligatory specifier 开始学习		determiner
* this the book 开始学习		specifoers don’t stuck
specifiers 开始学习		r not mobile
impossibility of recurdion and immobility 开始学习		so, rather
so, rather 开始学习		det
utterly as adjunct 开始学习		so utterly incompetent ok utterly so *
* he was completely so in the wrong 开始学习		so- specifier of pp
right 开始学习		determiner
specifier 开始学习		precedes x’ in english
not 开始学习		specifier of a negated vp
subjects in clauses 开始学习		SPECIFIERS
obligatory determiners 开始学习		det in NP, NP in TP
Specifier in NP 开始学习		a/some/out/this
spec in vp 开始学习		negation
specifier in ap 开始学习		too, how, so
spec in advp 开始学习		rather, too, so, this, that
specifier in pp 开始学习		right, just, quite
specifoer in clause 开始学习		NP
specifoer in clause 开始学习		pp- under the stairs was a safe area
specifier in clause 开始学习		clause- to be good... where to eat, why...
specofier in clause 开始学习		ap restledd is what i would call him
advp specifier 开始学习		cautiously is how i would suggedt u do it
spec ln clause 开始学习		formal requirement of grammar, not slways interpretable
specifoer in clause 开始学习		formal requirement, not always interpretable
spec in clause not always interpretable - there r two lions in the cage 开始学习		if often rains in england, there r teo lions
it is late 开始学习		it - not interpretable
the specifier of T 开始学习		question tags as a pronoun
the final element added in a phrase 开始学习		specifier
every phrase has 3 levels of structure 开始学习		x, x’, x’’
never 开始学习		spec of vp
spec of ap 开始学习		HOW nice
a juvenile 开始学习		nieletni
a private 开始学习		szeregowy
a natural 开始学习		naturszczyk
a daily 开始学习		dziennik
herd 开始学习		tłum, stado
your time is up 开始学习		A
the balloons rose up to the sky 开始学习		adv
the dog tore up the slipper 开始学习		prt
they live just up the street from us 开始学习		adv
would you write your adress down for me 开始学习		prt
he ran down the stairs 开始学习		P
he looked down because he was embarassed 开始学习		adv
dummy auxiliary 开始学习		do
primary auxiliaries 开始学习		have, be
vis 开始学习		potęga, siła
monotheism root 开始学习		THE
syntactic pattern 开始学习		V+ N+ er>N
hover 开始学习		unosic sie
pług 开始学习		plow
drip 开始学习		kapać
clean-cut 开始学习		wyrazisty
badmouth 开始学习		obgadywac
cranapple 开始学习		semantically opaque
neologizm 开始学习		literary coinage
canary od canary islands 开始学习		commonization
split adjective 开始学习		an adverb placed between to and the verb makes a split infinitive
constituency tests 开始学习		wh fronting -what, ommission
words that combine with nouns 开始学习		determiners
idles 开始学习		3 rd sg pres inflectional form
idled 开始学习		past tense form
adjectives subcategorisation 开始学习		adjectives dividen into fojr subcatrgories
recategorisatiin abstract to concrete 开始学习		personality -> a personality
mass to count recategorisation 开始学习		beer/2 beers
count to mass recategorisation 开始学习		1 garlic/ the smell of garlic
Proper to common recategorisstion 开始学习		einstain -> an einstein
constituent 开始学习		a wird that functions as a single unit within a hierarchical structure
semantics 开始学习		rules for how u interpret words and their combinations
syntax 开始学习		rules for putting words together in phrases and sentencess
* a jously husband 开始学习		adverbs do not combine with nouns in attributive position
* he became jealously 开始学习		adverbs do not combine with nouns in predicative position
AP 开始学习		completely dry
different types of words 开始学习		1.) simple tree 2.) complex 3.) compound
kieszonkowiec 开始学习		a pickpocket
ing czesc mowy 开始学习		gerund
yourself 开始学习		pronoun
another 开始学习		pronoun
drip->drop, sell-sale, bent - bend 开始学习		internal modification, breath-breathe
potega sila 开始学习		vis
invisibly root 开始学习		vis
what 开始学习		PRONOUN
so 开始学习		CONJUNCTION
declarative 开始学习		statement of fact/assertion
interrogative 开始学习		question
imperative 开始学习		directive
exclamative 开始学习		exclamation
aspect 开始学习		progressive, non-progressive, perdfective
refuction 开始学习		by ellipsis/ by pro-form
reduction by ellipsis 开始学习		I would like to go with u but Ucant
reduction by pro-form 开始学习		was he arrested? Im afraid SO
pro-forms: one, other 开始学习		there r not probouns-pron cant be used with determiners!
clause reduction 开始学习		the entire clause is reduced to the proforms this that and it
this 开始学习		clausal prp-form
it 开始学习		clausal proform
topicalization 开始学习		a post-verbal constituent is in the sentence initial position
left dislocation 开始学习		a constituent is displaved from its basic position to the sentence initial position, leaves a pronominal copy
passive 开始学习		construction that enables the object of verb to become the topic
focaliztion 开始学习		movement to the left to mark focus/contrast
focalization 开始学习		10 years we lived there
focalization 开始学习		that bowl we got in Italy. the other...
it cleft 开始学习		the message is split into two parts(it is ...-> focused)
pseudo-cleft 开始学习		the message is split into two parts. that ...-> focused firegrounded
driven movements to the right 开始学习		extraposition, sub-v inversion, heavy np shift, there insertion, right dislocation
right dislocation 开始学习		the reverse of left dislocation
right dislocation 开始学习		a sentence with additional np which is reffered to a pronoun inside the main sentence
right dislocation 开始学习		the right dislocated constituent is focused
heavy np shift 开始学习		heavy np moved to the right end position in accordance with the heaviness principle
heavy np 开始学习		long/complex np
extraposition feom np 开始学习		relative clause/adjunct moves to the sentence final position
extraoosition feom np 开始学习		six women appeared with yellow hats
restrictions on extraposition from np 开始学习		possible with clauses containing intransitive verbs
it extraposition 开始学习		the displced subject or object leaves it in the positiom from which it moved rightward to the sentence final position
it extraposition 开始学习		that...- new info
2 it extraposition constructions 开始学习		displacing the subject, displacing the object
it extraposition restrictions 开始学习		the extraposed constituent must be a clause or a gerund
restriction on it-extraposition 开始学习		a clause in the subject position must correspond to given information, if not sub extraposition is obligatory
it extraposition complex transitive verbs - complement clause 开始学习		it - obligatory
subject verb inversion 开始学习		the subject is inverted with the dependent of the verb
subject - verb inversion 开始学习		the inverted subject introduces new information
subject verb inversion 开始学习		on her desk was a bowl of fruit
sub verb inversion restriction 开始学习		if the subject is old inf and the dependent is new there is no inversion
there insertion 开始学习		pronoun there isin the subject position in so-called existential or presentstional clauses
there insertion 开始学习		lexical subject is is presented as new to the sddressee
there insertion restrivction 开始学习		copular verb/ any other that can serve asthe subject of that verb
there -insertion + adjectival predicate 开始学习		adjective must describe some non-pernament property
restrictions on there insertion 开始学习		definite nps impossible
reduction 开始学习		by ellipsis/ by pro-form
clause reduction 开始学习		the entire clause is reduced to the pro-forms this, that, it
vp reduction 开始学习		vp may be omitted, do so/that is used as a pro-form replacing the vp
vp reduction 开始学习		she suggestedthat i should sell the house but i dont want to DO THAT yet
restrictiona on vp reduction 开始学习		vp ellipsis is possible obly if what is omitted is the entire vp
the subject of the sentence 开始学习		given info, topic
the predicate of the sentence 开始学习		new info, comment
topic 开始学习		what an uterrance is about
comment 开始学习		what is said about the topic
contrast 开始学习		the information is in contrast to another entity
contrast marked by 开始学习		only/rather
topicalisation= fronting 开始学习		movement of a word, phrssclause to the beginning of the sentence
fronting= topicalisation 开始学习		the fronted wlement becomes topic, info at the end of the sentence focused
left dislocation 开始学习		moves aword, phrase, clause at the. eginning of the sentence, but it leaves the pronominal copy of the fronted element
left-dislocation 开始学习		reintroduce the GIVEN info, this info becomes TOPIC
cleft sentence 开始学习		clefted element— new info, comment
pseudocleft 开始学习		new info, focus to the end of the sentence
passive 开始学习		the object becomes the subject - give. info/topic
extraposition from np 开始学习		kovement of the relative clause ot other rlement modyfyibg element out to the end of the senyence
declarative sentence basic word order 开始学习		S V(aux) O
the notiona that have a role in the availability of syntactic variants in situational context 开始学习		contrast, givenness/newness
given information 开始学习		information that is known to the interlocutor
new information 开始学习		focal information
new information 开始学习		focus/focal information
new information 开始学习		information that is not shared by interlocutors
syntax informtion structure 开始学习		given materiaö comes before the new material
active voice 开始学习		not restricted by the constraintson info pckaging
passive voice 开始学习		constrained by information structure considerationd
odpowiednik 开始学习		counterpart
zrozumienie 开始学习		consideration
it cleft, pseudo cleft 开始学习		fronting forfocus reasons
indefinite object drop 开始学习		drink
Dative construction 开始学习		double object construction
double object construction, datuv alternation 开始学习		bring
benefactive alternation 开始学习		buy
middle alternation 开始学习		cut
causative/inochative 开始学习		melt
locative alternation 开始学习		locative
locative alternation 开始学习		splsh (on->with)
niezgodny, nie dajacy sie pogpdzic 开始学习		incompatible
elapse 开始学习		upływać (time)
i think...... is... 开始学习		think=hold an opinion, state
I am thinking about... now 开始学习		thinks= mental activity
he was hitting the table 开始学习		express reperition of punctual events
the soldier was dying 开始学习		preparatory situation leading up to a punctual point
they were reaching the summit when... 开始学习		the preparatory situation leading up to a punctual event
generoc statements 开始学习		beavers build dams
timeless statements 开始学习		two plus two is four
gnomoc(proverbial sentence) 开始学习		haste makes waste
plot summary 开始学习		Hamlet dies...
future statement 开始学习		we leave tomorrow
instantenlus commentary 开始学习		he shoots. he scores
reporting info 开始学习		the wheater forecast says that...
punctual verbs 开始学习		tap, kick, flash
copula v 开始学习		remain
ditransitive 开始学习		ask
prepositional verb 开始学习		look after
shifts in meaning -passive 开始学习		every schoolboy knows... one joke at least...
passive shifts in meaning 开始学习		John cannot do it vs it cant be done
get passive 开始学习		interest on the s and what happened to it
inflection gor grade 1 forma old 开始学习		absolute
the information associated with the word in the mental lexicin 开始学习		lexical entry
direct object 开始学习		np/clause
license purpose clauses 开始学习		only agent
complementizers - finite 开始学习		that, wherher
complementizers non finite 开始学习		for

descriptive grammar

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