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Culture as "the cultivation of plants" 开始学习
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was transferred to fish or oysters in 17th century
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Culture as "production of bacteria" 开始学习
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evolved in late 19th century
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Culture as the figurative sense of "cultivation through education and systematic improvement of the mind" 开始学习
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was popular in 19th century
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Culture in learning and taste 开始学习
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makes the intellectual side of civilization
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Culture is closely connected to... 开始学习
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"collective customs and achievements of people and intellectual development."
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How many definitions of culture are there in general? 开始学习
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How many distinct themes are there in culture? 开始学习
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First distinct in culture: 开始学习
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Second distinct in culture: 开始学习
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Third distinct in culture: 开始学习
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Fourth distinct in culture: 开始学习
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Fifth distinct in culture: 开始学习
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Sixth distinct in culture: 开始学习
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Seventh distinct in culture: 开始学习
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What is connected to structure as a system of elements? 开始学习
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way of life, ideas, behaviour, symbol, language, social institutions, relationships etc.
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What is the function of culture? 开始学习
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It provides guide to the process of learning, adaptation to the world, survical, success in life and control over the individual groups.
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Continuous social construction of culture involves: 开始学习
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- differentiating one group from another; - relating to others; - giving life meaning and form; - dealing with social world
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anything created by humans that provides information about the culture of its creator and users.
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What is defining culture in terms of improving intellect or morality? 开始学习
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instruction and moral progress
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care given to development of the mind
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stage of development that divides civilized from savage; study of perfection, civilization.
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What is group-membership? 开始学习
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definitions that speak of culture as a place or group of people, or that focus on belonging to such a place or group.
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How does power show in culture? 开始学习
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Power is group based and can be political/economic. Usually it refers to countries dominating over other countries or social groups dominating over other social groups.
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How does power manifest in culture? 开始学习
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Power complements culture in the sense that it enforces cultural values and norms.
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Socio-cultural patterns... 开始学习
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are not inherited, in opposite to genetic qualities.
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Socio-cultural patterns are learned... 开始学习
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from family member, groups and societies people live in.
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Cultures of human beings are influenced by... 开始学习
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the physical and social environment through which they operate.
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may be called culture if it is shared and believed or practised by a group of people.
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Why is culture cumulative? 开始学习
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Knowledge embodied in culture moves through generations and cummulates knowledge over time.
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Because no culture remains in some permanent state forever.
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Culture is diversified but... 开始学习
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Culture is a system that has... 开始学习
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many mutually interdependent parts.
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Parts of culture are seperate but... 开始学习
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they form a unified whole.
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Two stages of socialisation: 开始学习
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primary socialisation and secondary socialisation.
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Define primary socialisation. 开始学习
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It's taking place within a family and lasts from birth until the child's participation in larger and more diverse groupings beyond the family.
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What does primary socialisation involve? 开始学习
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Elements as the acquisition of language and gendered identity.
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Define secondary socialisation. 开始学习
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It refers to all the subsequent influences that an individual experiences in a lifetime.
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Components of critical cultural studies are: 开始学习
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Production and political economy, cultural text analysis, audience reception and use of media culture
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What is production and political economy doing? 开始学习
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Analysing cultural texts within their system of production and distribution in society.
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What are culture studies? 开始学习
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Cultural studies is a multidisciplinary approach to the understanding of all dimensions of culture, from traditional notions to popular culture.
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What do cultural studies combine? 开始学习
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It combines elements of the social sciences and the humanities.
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What do cultural studies use? 开始学习
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It uses methods and theories from literary studies, film studies, game studies, art theory, philosophy, etc.
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What do cultural studies aim to? 开始学习
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It aims to look into how the issues of gender, race, sexuality, class, etc. shape the production-consumption and dissemination of culture and media.
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What are the significant issues of cultural studies? 开始学习
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an equal treatment of high and low culture
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A geographical dimension to defining cultural studies: 开始学习
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The expansion of some cultures from local/national to global and a national dimension to defining of cultural studies projects.
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Why is culture multi-discursive? 开始学习
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It includes numerous "languages".
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It's regulated ways of speaking about the subject through which objects and practices aquire meaning.
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What are the examples of discourses? 开始学习
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A language of fashion, cinema, nationalism, literary criticism, video games, cultural studies etc.
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What is the key to analyse culture? 开始学习
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The key is to identify the discursive context itself and use its professional language.
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What is the cultural development of Western Europe based on? 开始学习
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Intellectual, spirtual and aesthetic factors - great religious thinkers, philosophers, etc.
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What does culture include? 开始学习
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Aesthetic factors but especially the development customs like holidays, sports, religious festivals etc.
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Christmas or youth subcultures are referred to as... 开始学习
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lived cultures or practices.
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Why is culture a social phenomenon? 开始学习
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It expresses certain meanings and values in art and learning, institutions and people's oridinary behaviour.
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are not only actual texts but also practices, paintings, sculptures, soap operas, music, dances or comics.
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anything that produces meaning.
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To contain the possibility of a number of different meanings.
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What is Industrialisation? 开始学习
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The process of converting to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant.
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How many stages did Industrial Revolution have? 开始学习
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The dates of the first Industrial Revolution 开始学习
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The second Industrial Revolution took place in: 开始学习
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The late 19th and 20th centuries.
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the method of producing goods in large quantities at relatively low cost per unit.
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Mass production can't exist without... 开始学习
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Mass production process... 开始学习
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is characterized by high volume, a highly organized flow of materials through various stages of production, careful supervision of quality standards and precise division of labour.
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the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society.
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the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.
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How did popular culture evolve chronicigally? 开始学习
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1. books 2. newspapers and magazines 3. photography 4. the cinema 5. the radio 6. recorded music 7. TV 8. the Web
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What was the first book written and when? 开始学习
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What was the first newspaper and when was it published? 开始学习
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The first magazine published and when? 开始学习
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When was telegraph invented? 开始学习
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What was the first movie and when was it published? 开始学习
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"Lumiere" in 1896 (in Bros. Cinema)
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When was the first station on air and how was it called? 开始学习
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When was the first TV Station on air and what was it? 开始学习
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When did the internet start working around? 开始学习
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from Latin popularis: "belonging to the people, general, common; devoted to or accepted by the people."
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1540's definition of popularity: 开始学习
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"of or pertaining to the people; depending on the people"
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1570's definition of popularity: 开始学习
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"suited to oridinary people, easily comprehended"
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1859's definition of popularity: 开始学习
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"low, affordable to average persons"
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1600's definition of popularity: 开始学习
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"well-liked, admired by or enjoying the favour of the people"
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The definition of popularity from 1819: 开始学习
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"favoured by people generally"
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culture that is widely favoured or well liked by many people.
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Examples of high culture: 开始学习
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classical music, opera and ballet, classical literature and historical works of art and sculptures
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food, entertainment, sports and shopping
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Culture is diverse and... 开始学习
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involves a set of products sorted into high, low or middle positions.
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开始学习
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was established as a widely available form of popular entertainment consumed by people of all social classes from 18th to later 19th.
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became the meeting place of different social classes in society.
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Opera was transformed from... 开始学习
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popular entertainment into high culture.
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mass-produced for mass consumption.
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Who is the audience of commercial culture? 开始学习
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What are the main characteristics of commerical culture? 开始学习
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It's imitative and manipulative.
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Commercial culture is connected to... 开始学习
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Americanization of global culture.
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Examples of cultural imperialism: 开始学习
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The Disney entertainment outside the US, the spread of American-English, the globalization of US mass production models and systems.
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Popular culture originates from... 开始学习
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a culture of the people for the people.
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Examples of folk culture in Poland: 开始学习
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Folk culture is not always authentic because... 开始学习
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oscypek is produced from cow's milk when it should be from sheep's milk and ciupaga's are mostly made in China.
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Popular culture is a struggle between... 开始学习
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originality/opposition and commercialism/conformity
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Reggae originally comes from... 开始学习
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poor black or Jamaican people.
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spiritual, talks about serious problems, is revolutionary and original.
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Reagge mixed into white people's culture is... 开始学习
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materialistic, conformist, capitalist and mainstream.
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a culture in which the distinction between "high" and "low" culture seems less and less important.
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Postmodern popular culture blends... 开始学习
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the authentic with commercial.
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creates parody of reality, is full of comic book style violence, involves drugs, racism and references to the past.
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Tarantino's films split into... 开始学习
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non-chronological sections with discontinuity.
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Deconstruction of most popular film genres are... 开始学习
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western, kung-fu, gangster, pulp ficition, etc.
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quotations from and references to various cultural texts from the history of the cinema, literature, pop music, etc.
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In 1948 there was a vinyl record introduced... 开始学习
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by CBS, 33 1/3-rpm, 23 minutes on each side.
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In 1950 there was a vinyl developed... 开始学习
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by RCA, 45-rpm, 5 minutes per side (best for jukeboxes).
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开始学习
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reached an agreement and the 45 became the standard for singles.
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Reel-to-reel systems were developed in... 开始学习
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Reel-to-reel tape recorders became... 开始学习
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the main recording format used by professional recording studios until the late 1980s.
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A recorded perfomance can be... 开始学习
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edited or erased and re-recorded again on the same piece of media.
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The first compact cassette was made in... 开始学习
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开始学习
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gave an ability to carry music everywhere, created a market for prerecorded cassettes and gave ability to record songs from the radio.
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The compact disc was co-developed by... 开始学习
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Philips and Sony to store and play digital audio recordings.
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The first CD was commercially released... 开始学习
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The MP3 file format was developed in... 开始学习
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Napster's free file-sharing service became available on the internet in... 开始学习
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The Napster shut down in... 开始学习
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P2P systems such as Grokster, LimeWire, Kazaa, eDonkey were enabled... 开始学习
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shifting from ownership of music to access to music.
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gives instant access to millions of songs on demand via Internet.
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Popular music streaming platforms are: 开始学习
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Spotify, Apple Music, Tidal, Deezer, SoundCloud, YT Music etc.
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a business situation in which a few firms control most of an industry's production and distribution resources.
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3 major global companies of music industry are... 开始学习
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Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group.
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Music companies control about... 开始学习
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65% of the recording industry market in the US.
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Independent record labels are... 开始学习
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companies that work outside olgiopolies: they produce less mainstream music and film.
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开始学习
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is a philosophical and sociological movement spread across many universities around the world.
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The Frankfurt School was founded... 开始学习
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The Frankfurt School moved to... 开始学习
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United States to NYC after 1933.
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Most prominent figures of Critical Theorists were: 开始学习
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Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin.
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"Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception" is... 开始学习
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a chapter in Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer's book "Dialectic of Enlightenment".
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Products of the culture economy are dependent on industry and economy... 开始学习
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which means they are related to the interests of money and power.
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Basic focus of culture industry was... 开始学习
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being idustrialised and commercialised under a capitalist system.
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The Frankfurt School attempted to show... 开始学习
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a parallel between cultural texts and other products that were mass produced.
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All products of the culture industry are designed for... 开始学习
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an item whose prime purpose is sale in the market place.
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Every work of art is turned into... 开始学习
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Culture industry uses a... 开始学习
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production-line mentality in producing cultural products imitating the socioeconomic cycle of capitalist system.
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Films and TV shows we watch follow... 开始学习
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the same recycled formulas.
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Homogeneity states that... 开始学习
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all mass culture is identical.
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In consumers goods there are... 开始学习
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several variations of the same thing.
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All products produced under the same scheme are... 开始学习
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"readable" and easily consumed.
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makes things seem different when they are several variations of the same thing.
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a glaring example of culture industry phenomenon.
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endless stream of movies.
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nobody has to use intellect to understand the movie.
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Film companies & streaming services... 开始学习
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spend enormous money promoting "bigger better" films, new bands, a new star etc.
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Structural uniformity is... 开始学习
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the "really meaningful content" of the film or series.
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Culture industries provide... 开始学习
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"a false fulfilment of wish-dreams" like wealth, adventure, passionate love, power and sensationalism in general.
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开始学习
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a product of media industries.
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Culture manufacturing contains of... 开始学习
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language, religion, fashion, food habits, education, TV shows, etc.
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Expansions in education... 开始学习
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created greater space between youth and adult responsibilities.
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Juvenile delinquency and generational rebellion... 开始学习
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became social issues drawing public attention.
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An expanding middle class and more affluent working class... 开始学习
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led to greater disposable income and leisure time.
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Culture industries came to see "teenagers" as... 开始学习
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a leisure class and significant consumers.
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The growth of film, television, music, street fashion... 开始学习
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increased youths exposure to pop culture and alternative ideas.
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Working-class youth form and join subcultures because of... 开始学习
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their marginalization from and resistance to the class structure.
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primarily working class phenomena, an imitation of the class struggle in society.
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Capitalist society produces... 开始学习
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economic exploitation, domination and cultural dominantion.
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Young people take and transform cultural texts as... 开始学习
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Youth subcultures express... 开始学习
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opposition to the generation gap.
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Resistance is expressed through... 开始学习
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style/symbolic rituals or violence and protests.
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The main elements of subcultural style are: 开始学习
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image, visible manifestations or behaviour, argot (slang), particular music, visible signs of subcultural history, use of substances and violence.
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a combination and transformation of various cultural objects.
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the symbolic fit between the values and lifestyles of a group.
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reflects chaos/nonsense of modern world.
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are steel-toed boots, shaved heads, masculine posturing.
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Late 1660s and early 1970s subculture was... 开始学习
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Middle 1970s subculture was... 开始学习
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Late 1970s and early 1980s subculture was... 开始学习
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Early 1980s subculture was... 开始学习
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Another early 1980s subculture was... 开始学习
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The skinhead value system and style... 开始学习
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mixed the white Englush working class and culture of black Jamaican imigrants.
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The Rude Boys derived from... 开始学习
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dissatisfaction, poverty, rising unemployment and overpopulation of Kingston.
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The rude boy style included... 开始学习
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short cropped hair, a porkpie hat and shiny suits made from the raw materials of the Caribbean.
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an exotic dialect known as patois.
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a style of Jamaican popular music that surfaced in the early 1960s.
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Skinhead aggro was based on... 开始学习
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being aggressive and violent towards Asians, homosexuals and Hippies.
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Levis/Lee/Wrangler jeans, braces, polo shirts, tattoos, blue-beat hats and Harrington jackets.
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The four main cultural types of skinheads: 开始学习
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traditional, neo-Nazi, SHARP, gay
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Female skinheads haircuts... 开始学习
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are known as Chelsea, the fringe or feathercut.
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开始学习
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mosty white interpretation of Jamaican ska combined with elements of punk rock and new wave.
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began to emerge as skinhead identity marker in England in the late 1970s.
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Subculturists share a degree of... 开始学习
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Post-subcultural generation... 开始学习
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blended all sorts of music and fashion.
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EDM and dance cultures appeared in... 开始学习
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开始学习
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all-night electronic dance music parties fuelled by drugs such as ecstasy.
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Subcultural participation is now... 开始学习
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开始学习
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usually followed by a slogan.
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开始学习
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are based on visual style.
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a particular visual aesthetic.
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are shown through the websites. Mostly illegal ones.
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the use of social sience techniques to asses the behaviours and attitudes of consumers toward particular products before any ads are created.
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famous-person testimonial 开始学习
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an advertising strategy that associates a product with the support of a well-known person.
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anadvertising strategy that associates a product with simplicity and the common person;
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an advertising strategy that attempts to convince consumers that using a product will enable them to maintain or elevate their social status;
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an advertising strategy that uses exaggerated claims that everyone is using a particular product to encourage consumers to not be left behind;
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anadvertising strategy that plays on a sense of insecurity, trying to persuade consumers that only a specific product can offer relief/solution;
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a persuasive technique that associates a product with some cultural value or image that has a positive connotation but may have little connection to the actual product;
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small advertisements on certain websites (usually related to selling and buying sth), e.g. those on the ebay, allegro, etc.
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- unwanted commercial e-mail;
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the printlike display ads that load across the top or side of a Web page in the 1990s:
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enable users to stream live video content over the internet rather than through cable or satellite
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employ all platforms (internet, cable, satellite) based on the service provider's preference
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streaming popular shows from the past (now often from the 1980s and 1990s - Friends, The Office
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acollection of media products in which several derivative works have been developed in response to the popularization of an original creative work and the commercial exploitation of such through licensing agreements.
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the merging of different types of mass media such as traditional media, print media, broadcast media, new media and the Internet as well as portable and highly interactive technologies through digital media platforms;
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