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The perfect in English always links two time periods. 开始学习
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The present perfect links the past to the present in the following ways: Time up to now Recent events Ongoing situation
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We've met before. Have you seen Jo this week? 开始学习
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a completed action or experience that happened at some point in the past before now, e.g. in my life, this year, today. The exact time it happened is not specified.
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No coffee for me, thanks. I've already had one. I've lost my phone. Has anyone seen it? 开始学习
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a completed action which has a present result or is in some other way relevant to the present. The exact time it happened is not specified.
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How long have you been on Twitter? I've swum every morning since May. 开始学习
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an uncompleted state or repeated action that started in the past and continues up to now.
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I lived in Lisbon for 5 years / I've lived in Lisbon for 5 years. 开始学习
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Past simple: used to speak about finished actions in the past/ present perfect: it links the past to the present.
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I had coffee this morning / I've already had coffee this morning. 开始学习
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finished period / not finished period
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Time phrases to talk about the past - Present perfect: 开始学习
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just, already, not yet, ever, recently, lately, since, so far, up to now, until now, over the last year, still not.
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Time phrases to talk about the past - Past simple: 开始学习
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yesterday, ago, this time last week, on Thursday, on 12th May, last week / month / year / winter, when I was younger, until then.
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Time phrases to talk about the past - Both (Present Perfect and Past Simple): 开始学习
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never, always, for, before, in the summer, today, this morning / afternoon (depending on whether the period is finished or not)
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You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: 开始学习
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yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Brazil, at that moment, that day, one day, etc.
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We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: 开始学习
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ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
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I (see) that movie twenty times. 开始学习
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I have seen that movie twenty times.
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There (be) many earthquakes in California. 开始学习
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There have been many earthquakes in California.
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People (travel) to the Moon. 开始学习
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People have traveled to the Moon.
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People (travel, not) to Mars. 开始学习
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People have not traveled to Mars.
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开始学习
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Have you read the book yet?
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Nobody (climb, ever) that mountain. 开始学习
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Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
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(be, ever) there a war in the United States? 开始学习
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Has there ever been a war in the United States?
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Yes, there (be) a war in the United States. 开始学习
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Yes, there has been a war in the United States.
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How do you actually use the Present Perfect? experience, change over time, accomplishments, an uncompleted action you are expecting, multiple actions at different times. 开始学习
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The concept of 'unspecified time' can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics: experience, change over time, accomplishments, an uncompleted action you are expecting, multiple actions at different times.
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开始学习
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You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.
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开始学习
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I have been to France. This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.
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I (be) to France three times. 开始学习
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I have been to France three times. You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
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开始学习
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I have never been to France. This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
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I think I (see) that movie before. 开始学习
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I think I have seen that movie before.
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He (never, travel) by train. 开始学习
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He has never traveled by train.
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Joan (study) two foreign languages. 开始学习
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Joan has studied two foreign languages.
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开始学习
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Topic 2: Change over time 开始学习
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We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.
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You (grow) since the last time I saw you. 开始学习
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You have grown since the last time I saw you.
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The government (become) more interested in arts education. 开始学习
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The government has become more interested in arts education.
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Japanese (become) one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established. 开始学习
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Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.
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My English (really, improve) since I moved to Ireland. 开始学习
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My English has really improved since I moved to Ireland.
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开始学习
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We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and the humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
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开始学习
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Man has walked on the Moon.
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Our son (learn) how to read. 开始学习
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Our son has learned how to read.
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Doctors (cure) many deadly diseases. 开始学习
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Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
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Scientists (split) the atom. 开始学习
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Scientists have split the atom.
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Topic 4: An uncompleted action you are expecting 开始学习
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We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.
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James (not, finish) his homework yet. 开始学习
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James has not finished his homework yet.
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Susan (not, master) Japanese, but she can communicate. 开始学习
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Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
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Bill (still, not, arrive). 开始学习
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Bill has still not arrived.
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开始学习
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Topic 5: Multiple actions at different times 开始学习
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We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.
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The army (attack) that city five times. 开始学习
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The army has attacked that city five times.
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I (have) four quizzes and five tests so far this semester. 开始学习
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I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
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We (have) many major problems while working on this project. 开始学习
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We have had many major problems while working on this project.
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She (talk) to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick. 开始学习
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She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.
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Present perfect: use 1 and use 2. 开始学习
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USE 1- Unspecified time before now. USE 2 Duration from the past until now (non-continuous verbs)
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USE 2- Duration from the past until now (non-continuous verbs) 开始学习
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With non-continuous verbs and non-continuous uses of mixed verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now.
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'For five minutes', 'for two weeks', and 'since Tuesday' are all durations which can be used with 开始学习
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work, teach, and study are sometimes used 开始学习
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work, teach, and study are sometimes used with Present Perfect, even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
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I (have) a cold for two weeks. 开始学习
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I have had a cold for two weeks.
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She (be) in England for six months. 开始学习
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She has been in England for six months.
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Mary (love) chocolate since she was a little girl. 开始学习
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Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.
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Adverbe placement: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc 开始学习
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Exemples: You have only seen that movie one time. Have you only seen that movie one time?
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开始学习
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Many tourists have visited that castle. That castle has been visited by many tourists.
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Time expressions with Present Perfect 开始学习
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When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.
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Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: 开始学习
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in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.
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(you, be) to Mexico in the last year? 开始学习
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Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
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I (see) that movie six times in the last month. 开始学习
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I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
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They (have) three tests in the last week. 开始学习
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They have had three tests in the last week.
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She graduated from university less than three years ago. She (work) for three different companies so far. 开始学习
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She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.
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My car (break) down three times this week. 开始学习
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My car has broken down three times this week.
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Last year and in the last year are very different in meaning. 开始学习
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Last year means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires simple past. In the last year means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.
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We use the present perfect to talk about I've cleaned my shoes. (So they're clean now.) Mr Green has bought a new car. (So it's his car now.) Joanna hasn't eaten any toast. (The toast is still on the table.) Have you finished the housework? No, I haven't. I'm still doing it. 开始学习
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the present result of a past action.
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We use the present perfect to talk about I've just written that letter. 开始学习
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something that happened only a short time ago (... just...)
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We use the present perfect to talk about You haven't posted the letter yet. Have you found those stamps yet? No, not yet. 开始学习
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an action that we are expecting (... yet)
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We use the present perfect to talk about Have you seen Sarah today? No, I haven't. I haven't seen her this week. 开始学习
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something that happened during a period of time that is not yet finished (... today... this week)
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We use the present perfect to talk about How long has Ann lived here? Oh, only for six months. She's been here since April. 开始学习
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something that began in the past and has stayed the same up to the present (... for six months... since April)
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We use the present perfect to talk about Have you ever eaten rabbit? Yes, lots of times. Well, I've never had it. 开始学习
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something that happened during a period of time which began in the past and has gone on up to the present (... ever... never...)
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